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Elective Affiliations: Marginal Urban Characters Negotiating Legitimacy and Autonomy in Urban Culture

Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 133 - 157, 30.05.2016

Abstract

‘Elective Affiliations’ examines how walking tour guides manage to transmit cultural information, engage in the public imagination, and impart a method of urban investigation their participants while still occupying a place in-between formal institutions, social networks, and labor markets. Drawing from five-years of ethnographic data, guides are presented as living and succeeding in the ‘interstitial’ areas of cities, and are forced to negotiate the tension between structural autonomy and the legitimations arising from affiliation with cultural institutions. Walking guides are successful at their endeavors because of their ever-changing set of inter-relationships, not in spite of them. ‘Elective Affiliations’ brings empirical evidence from the intersection of urbanism, tourism, and culture, and recent work on social capital and networks to recent issues of urban cultural policy.

References

  • Anderson, N. 1923. The Hobo. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Anderson, E. 1990. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Author. Forthcoming. Urban Alchemists: Tour Guides and the Disneyfied City.
  • Barabasi, A.-L. 2003. Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means. New York: Plume.
  • Boniface, P. & P.J. Fowler. 1993. Heritage and Tourism in the Global Village. London: Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1972. An Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • _____. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • _____. 1985. “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. J.G. Richardson, pp. 241-58. New York: Greenwood.
  • _____. 1988. Homo Academicus. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • _____. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • _____. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • _____. 2000. Pascalian Meditations. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. & L. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Boyer, M.C. 1992. “City for Sale,” in M. Sorkin (ed.). Variations on a theme park: The new American city and the end of public space. New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Briggs, X. de Souza. 1997 “Social Capital and the Cities: Advice to Change Agents,” National Civic Review 86: 111-117.
  • Bryman, A. 1999. “The Disneyization of Society.” The Sociological Review 47(1): 25- (23).
  • Burt, R.S. 1992. Structural Holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • _____. 2004. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas,” American Journal of Sociology 110(2): 99.
  • Coleman, J.S. 1988 "Social capital in the creation of human capital," American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
  • Cressey, P. 1932. The Taxi-Dance Hall. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Davis, M. 1992. City of Quartz. New York: Vintage.
  • Delany, S. 1999. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. New York: NYU Press.
  • DiMaggio, P. & K. Stenberg. 1985. “Conformity and Diversity in the American Resident Stage.” In Art, Ideology, and Politics, J. Balfe & M. Wyszomirski (eds.) New York: Praeger.
  • Duneier, M. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
  • Ferguson, P.P. 1998. “A Cultural Field in the Making: Gastronomy in 19th-Century France,” American Journal of Sociology 104(3): 597-641.
  • Florida, R. 2002. The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books.
  • Friedland, R. & D. Palmer. 1984. “Park Place and Main Street: Business and the Urban Power Structure,” Annual Review of Sociology 10: 393-416.
  • Gladstone, D. L., and S. S. Feinstein. 2001. “Tourism in US Global Cities: A Comparison of New York and Los Angeles.” Journal of Urban Affairs 23(1): 23-41.
  • Gittel, R. & A. Videl. 1998. Community Organizing, Building Social Capital as a Development Strategy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Gottdiener, M. 2001. The Theming of America: American Dreams, Media Fantasies, and Themed Environment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Grazian, D. 2003. Blue Chicago: the search for authenticity in urban blues clubs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Griffiths, R. 1995. “Cultural Strategies and New Modes of Urban Intervention,” Cities (4): 253-65.
  • Guetzkow, J. 2002. “How the Arts Impact Communities: An Introduction to the Literature on Arts Impact Studies,” Presentation for Taking the Measure of Culture Conference. Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies. Princeton University June 7- , 2002.
  • Fernandez, M. 2006. “44 Million Tourists and Counting,” New York Times December th.
  • Hall, P. 2000. “Creative Cities and Economic Development,” Urban Studies, 37(4): 639
  • Hannerz, U. 2004. Foreign News: Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Hannigan, J. 1998. Fantasy City: The pleasure and profit in the postmodern metropolis. London: Routledge.
  • Harvey, D. 1991. Conditions of Postmodernity. London: Blackwell.
  • Häussermann, H. & W. Siebel, 1993. Festivalisierung of the urban policy. Town development by large projects. Leviathan - special edition: 13. Opladen: West German publishing house.
  • Hayden, D. 1996. The Power of Place: Urban landscapes as Public History. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Heilbrun, J. 2001. “Empirical Evidence of a Decline in Repertory Diversity Among American Opera Companies 1991/92 to 1997/98,” Journal of Cultural Economics 25(1): 72.
  • Hiller, H.H. 2000. “Toward an Urban Sociology of Mega-Events,” Research in Urban Sociology, 5, 181-205.
  • Hoffman, L. 2000. “Tourism and the Revitalization of Harlem,” Research in Urban Sociology, 5, 207-223.
  • Jafar, J. 1988. “Tourism mega events,” Annals of Tourism Research 15(2): 272-73.
  • Kearns, G. & C. Philo. 1993. Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital Past and Present. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. 1998. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Lash, S. & J. Urry 1994. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.
  • Ley, D. & K. Olds. 1988. “Landscape and Spectacle: World Fairs and the Culture of Heroic Consumption,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 6: 191-212. Lin, N. 2001. Social Capital: A theory of social structure and action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • _____. 1998 Social Resources and Social Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lloyd, R., & T.N. Clark. 2001. “The City as Entertainment Machine,” Research in Urban Sociology. 6: 357-78.
  • Lloyd, R. 2004. “The Neighborhood in Cultural Production: Material and Symbolic Resources in the New Bohemia,” City and Community 3(4): 343-71.
  • Logan, J. & H. Molotch. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Low, S. 2003. Behind the Gates: Life, security, and the pursuit of happiness in fortress America. London: Routledge.
  • Mullins, P. 1991. “Tourism Urbanization,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 15(3): 326-42.
  • Negus, K. 2002. “The work of cultural intermediaries and the enduring distance between production and consumption,” Cultural Studies, 16(4), 501-515.
  • Park ,R.E. & E.W. Burgess. 1925. The City: Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Park, R.E. 1952. Human Communities: The city and human ecology. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
  • Perrottet, T. 2002. Pagan Holiday. New York: Random House.
  • Peters, T. 1994. The Tom Peters Seminar. New York: Vintage.
  • Peterson, R.A. & N. Anand. 2004. “The Production of Culture Perspective,” Annual Review of Sociology. 30: 311-34.
  • Portes, A., M. Castells, & L.A. Benton, (Eds.) 1989. The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Portes, A., & P. Landolt 1996. “The downside of social capital,” American Prospect, 16: 21.
  • Portes, A. & M. Zhou. 1992. “Gaining the upper hand: Economic mobility among immigrant and domestic minorities,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15: 491-522.
  • Putnam, R.D. 1993. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Rauh, G. 2008. “City in Record Territory As a Tourist Destination.” New York Sun. January 14.
  • Reich, R. 1991. The Work of Nations. New York: Vintage.
  • Roche, M. 1992. “Mega-Events and Micro-Modernization: On the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism,” The British Journal of Sociology, 43(4): 563-600.
  • Rupp, L.J. & V. Taylor. 2003. Drag Queens at the 801 Cabaret. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Sampson, R.J. 1992. “Family Management and Child Development: Insights from Social Disorganization Theory,” in J. McCord (ed.) Facts, Framework, and Forecasts: Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 3. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Pp.63-93.
  • Sante, L. Low Life. 1992. New York: Vintage.
  • Sassen, S. 2000. The Global City (Second Edition). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Shaw, C. 1930. The Jack-Roller: A delinquent boy’s own story. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Shils, E. 1972. The Intellectuals and the Powers and Other Essays. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Simmel, G. 1969. “Metropolis and Mental Life,” in Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities. Ed. R. Sennett. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • _____. 1955. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. Trans. by K.H. Wolff and R. Bendix. New York: Free Press.
  • Smith, N. 1996. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge.
  • Stack, C. 1974. All of our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Stanziola, J. 1999. Arts, Government and Community Revitalization. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
  • Suttles, G. 1990. The Man Made City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • _____. 1984. “The Cumulative Texture of Local Urban Culture,” American Journal of Sociology 90(1984):283-304.
  • Thrasher, F. 1927. The Gang: A study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Urry, J. 1990. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage Publications.
  • Wacquant, L. 2004. Body and Soul: Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Whitt, J.A. & J.C. Lammers. 1991. “The Art of Growth: Ties Between Development Organizations and the Performing Arts,” Urban Affairs Quarterly 26(3): 376-93.
  • Wilson, W.J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • World Travel and Tourism Council. 2007. “Progress and Priorities 2007/2008.” Travel and Tourism Economic Research. London: World Travel and Tourism Council.
  • _____. 2006. “United States: Travel and Tourism Climbing to New Heights.” 2006 Travel and Tourism Economic Research. London: World Travel and Tourism Council.
  • Zukin, S. 1991. Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • _____. 1995. The Cultures of Cities. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
  • _____. 1998. “Urban Lifestyles: Diversity and standardization in spaces of consumption,” Urban Studies 35 (5-6): 825-839.
Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 133 - 157, 30.05.2016

Abstract

References

  • Anderson, N. 1923. The Hobo. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Anderson, E. 1990. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Author. Forthcoming. Urban Alchemists: Tour Guides and the Disneyfied City.
  • Barabasi, A.-L. 2003. Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means. New York: Plume.
  • Boniface, P. & P.J. Fowler. 1993. Heritage and Tourism in the Global Village. London: Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1972. An Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • _____. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • _____. 1985. “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. J.G. Richardson, pp. 241-58. New York: Greenwood.
  • _____. 1988. Homo Academicus. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • _____. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • _____. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • _____. 2000. Pascalian Meditations. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. & L. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Boyer, M.C. 1992. “City for Sale,” in M. Sorkin (ed.). Variations on a theme park: The new American city and the end of public space. New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Briggs, X. de Souza. 1997 “Social Capital and the Cities: Advice to Change Agents,” National Civic Review 86: 111-117.
  • Bryman, A. 1999. “The Disneyization of Society.” The Sociological Review 47(1): 25- (23).
  • Burt, R.S. 1992. Structural Holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • _____. 2004. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas,” American Journal of Sociology 110(2): 99.
  • Coleman, J.S. 1988 "Social capital in the creation of human capital," American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
  • Cressey, P. 1932. The Taxi-Dance Hall. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Davis, M. 1992. City of Quartz. New York: Vintage.
  • Delany, S. 1999. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. New York: NYU Press.
  • DiMaggio, P. & K. Stenberg. 1985. “Conformity and Diversity in the American Resident Stage.” In Art, Ideology, and Politics, J. Balfe & M. Wyszomirski (eds.) New York: Praeger.
  • Duneier, M. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
  • Ferguson, P.P. 1998. “A Cultural Field in the Making: Gastronomy in 19th-Century France,” American Journal of Sociology 104(3): 597-641.
  • Florida, R. 2002. The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books.
  • Friedland, R. & D. Palmer. 1984. “Park Place and Main Street: Business and the Urban Power Structure,” Annual Review of Sociology 10: 393-416.
  • Gladstone, D. L., and S. S. Feinstein. 2001. “Tourism in US Global Cities: A Comparison of New York and Los Angeles.” Journal of Urban Affairs 23(1): 23-41.
  • Gittel, R. & A. Videl. 1998. Community Organizing, Building Social Capital as a Development Strategy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Gottdiener, M. 2001. The Theming of America: American Dreams, Media Fantasies, and Themed Environment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Grazian, D. 2003. Blue Chicago: the search for authenticity in urban blues clubs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Griffiths, R. 1995. “Cultural Strategies and New Modes of Urban Intervention,” Cities (4): 253-65.
  • Guetzkow, J. 2002. “How the Arts Impact Communities: An Introduction to the Literature on Arts Impact Studies,” Presentation for Taking the Measure of Culture Conference. Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies. Princeton University June 7- , 2002.
  • Fernandez, M. 2006. “44 Million Tourists and Counting,” New York Times December th.
  • Hall, P. 2000. “Creative Cities and Economic Development,” Urban Studies, 37(4): 639
  • Hannerz, U. 2004. Foreign News: Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Hannigan, J. 1998. Fantasy City: The pleasure and profit in the postmodern metropolis. London: Routledge.
  • Harvey, D. 1991. Conditions of Postmodernity. London: Blackwell.
  • Häussermann, H. & W. Siebel, 1993. Festivalisierung of the urban policy. Town development by large projects. Leviathan - special edition: 13. Opladen: West German publishing house.
  • Hayden, D. 1996. The Power of Place: Urban landscapes as Public History. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Heilbrun, J. 2001. “Empirical Evidence of a Decline in Repertory Diversity Among American Opera Companies 1991/92 to 1997/98,” Journal of Cultural Economics 25(1): 72.
  • Hiller, H.H. 2000. “Toward an Urban Sociology of Mega-Events,” Research in Urban Sociology, 5, 181-205.
  • Hoffman, L. 2000. “Tourism and the Revitalization of Harlem,” Research in Urban Sociology, 5, 207-223.
  • Jafar, J. 1988. “Tourism mega events,” Annals of Tourism Research 15(2): 272-73.
  • Kearns, G. & C. Philo. 1993. Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital Past and Present. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. 1998. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Lash, S. & J. Urry 1994. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.
  • Ley, D. & K. Olds. 1988. “Landscape and Spectacle: World Fairs and the Culture of Heroic Consumption,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 6: 191-212. Lin, N. 2001. Social Capital: A theory of social structure and action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • _____. 1998 Social Resources and Social Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lloyd, R., & T.N. Clark. 2001. “The City as Entertainment Machine,” Research in Urban Sociology. 6: 357-78.
  • Lloyd, R. 2004. “The Neighborhood in Cultural Production: Material and Symbolic Resources in the New Bohemia,” City and Community 3(4): 343-71.
  • Logan, J. & H. Molotch. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Low, S. 2003. Behind the Gates: Life, security, and the pursuit of happiness in fortress America. London: Routledge.
  • Mullins, P. 1991. “Tourism Urbanization,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 15(3): 326-42.
  • Negus, K. 2002. “The work of cultural intermediaries and the enduring distance between production and consumption,” Cultural Studies, 16(4), 501-515.
  • Park ,R.E. & E.W. Burgess. 1925. The City: Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Park, R.E. 1952. Human Communities: The city and human ecology. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
  • Perrottet, T. 2002. Pagan Holiday. New York: Random House.
  • Peters, T. 1994. The Tom Peters Seminar. New York: Vintage.
  • Peterson, R.A. & N. Anand. 2004. “The Production of Culture Perspective,” Annual Review of Sociology. 30: 311-34.
  • Portes, A., M. Castells, & L.A. Benton, (Eds.) 1989. The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Portes, A., & P. Landolt 1996. “The downside of social capital,” American Prospect, 16: 21.
  • Portes, A. & M. Zhou. 1992. “Gaining the upper hand: Economic mobility among immigrant and domestic minorities,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15: 491-522.
  • Putnam, R.D. 1993. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Rauh, G. 2008. “City in Record Territory As a Tourist Destination.” New York Sun. January 14.
  • Reich, R. 1991. The Work of Nations. New York: Vintage.
  • Roche, M. 1992. “Mega-Events and Micro-Modernization: On the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism,” The British Journal of Sociology, 43(4): 563-600.
  • Rupp, L.J. & V. Taylor. 2003. Drag Queens at the 801 Cabaret. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Sampson, R.J. 1992. “Family Management and Child Development: Insights from Social Disorganization Theory,” in J. McCord (ed.) Facts, Framework, and Forecasts: Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 3. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Pp.63-93.
  • Sante, L. Low Life. 1992. New York: Vintage.
  • Sassen, S. 2000. The Global City (Second Edition). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Shaw, C. 1930. The Jack-Roller: A delinquent boy’s own story. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Shils, E. 1972. The Intellectuals and the Powers and Other Essays. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Simmel, G. 1969. “Metropolis and Mental Life,” in Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities. Ed. R. Sennett. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • _____. 1955. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. Trans. by K.H. Wolff and R. Bendix. New York: Free Press.
  • Smith, N. 1996. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge.
  • Stack, C. 1974. All of our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Stanziola, J. 1999. Arts, Government and Community Revitalization. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
  • Suttles, G. 1990. The Man Made City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • _____. 1984. “The Cumulative Texture of Local Urban Culture,” American Journal of Sociology 90(1984):283-304.
  • Thrasher, F. 1927. The Gang: A study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Urry, J. 1990. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage Publications.
  • Wacquant, L. 2004. Body and Soul: Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Whitt, J.A. & J.C. Lammers. 1991. “The Art of Growth: Ties Between Development Organizations and the Performing Arts,” Urban Affairs Quarterly 26(3): 376-93.
  • Wilson, W.J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • World Travel and Tourism Council. 2007. “Progress and Priorities 2007/2008.” Travel and Tourism Economic Research. London: World Travel and Tourism Council.
  • _____. 2006. “United States: Travel and Tourism Climbing to New Heights.” 2006 Travel and Tourism Economic Research. London: World Travel and Tourism Council.
  • Zukin, S. 1991. Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • _____. 1995. The Cultures of Cities. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
  • _____. 1998. “Urban Lifestyles: Diversity and standardization in spaces of consumption,” Urban Studies 35 (5-6): 825-839.
There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA22GN23ZD
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Jonathan Wynn This is me

Publication Date May 30, 2016
Submission Date May 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Wynn, J. (2016). Elective Affiliations: Marginal Urban Characters Negotiating Legitimacy and Autonomy in Urban Culture. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 4(1), 133-157.

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