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Building Social Capital and Education: The Experiences of Pakistani Muslims in the UK

Year 2010, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 3 - 24, 30.05.2016

Abstract

By critically engaging with relevant debates on social capital, socio-economic mobility and educational aspirations amongst minority ethnic groups, the focus of this paper is to examine the processes and mechanisms in the accumulation of social capital, to demonstrate how, in particular, two sets of interpersonal relationships (between siblings and between co-ethnic peers) facilitate educational aspirations amongst an ethnic group that has traditionally been perceived to be under-achieving. It highlights the complex interplay within the home and between the home and the community, and the potential implications that these have for shaping the educational aspirations of young Pakistani Muslim men and women. This paper draws on empirical research conducted with the Pakistani Muslim ‘community’ in inner-city Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK; a northern-English city that has experienced large scale public disturbances in 1995 and 2001.

References

  • Abbas, Tahir (2002). ‘The Home and the School in the Educational Achievements of South Asians’, Race Ethnicity and Education, Volume 5 (3): 291 – 316
  • Alexander, C. (2004) ‘Imaging the Asian gang: Ethnicity, masculinity and youth after “the Riots”’, Critical Social Policy 24(4): 525-49
  • Ali, Y. (1993). Muslim Women and the Politics of Ethnicity and Culture in Northern England. In G. Sahgal & N. Yuval-Davis (Eds.) Refusing Holy Orders. Women and Fundamentalism in Britain, London: Virago Press.
  • Anthias, F. (2007). Ethnic ties: social capital and the question of mobilisibility. Sociological Review, 55( 4): 788-805.
  • Archer, L. (2003). Race, Masculinity and Schooling – Muslim boys and education, Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • Bagguley, P., & Hussain, Y. (2007). The role of higher education in providing opportunities for South Asian. Bristol: Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Policy Press.
  • Baron, S., Field, J., & Schuller, T. (2000) (Eds.). Social Capital: Critical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Basit, T. (1997). “I want more freedom but not too much”: British Muslim girls and dynamism of family values. Gender and Education, 9(4): 425-440.
  • Bankston III, C., & Zhou, M. (2002). Social Capital as Process: The Meaning and Problems of a Theoretical Metaphor. Sociological Inquiry, 72(2) 285-317.
  • Beattie, J. (2002). ‘Exceptions to the Rule: Upwardly Mobile White and Mexican American High School Girls’. Gender and Society, 16(3): 403-422.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1997). The Forms of Capital. In A.H. Halsey, Lauder, H., Brown, P. & Wells, A.S. (Eds.) Education: Culture, Economy, Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1990). In Other Words: Essay Towards a Reflexive Sociology, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive Sociology, Cambridge: Polity.
  • Bradford Congress, (1996). The Bradford Commission Report, Bradford: The Bradford Congress.
  • Borjas, G. J., (1992). Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(1)123-150.
  • Bradley, S., & Taylor, J. (2004). Ethnicity, Educational attainment and the Transition from School’. The Manchester School, 72(3): 317-346.
  • Burlet, S., & Reid, H. (1998). ‘A gendered uprising: political representation and minority ethnic communities’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(2): 270-287.
  • Cantle, T. (2001). Community Cohesion: A Report of the Independent Review Team, London: Home Office.
  • Caseen, R., & Kingdon, G. (2007). Tackling Low Educational Achievement, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
  • Coleman, James, Johnstone, JWC, Jonassohn K. (1961), The Adolescent Society: the social life of the teenager and its impact on education, New York: Free Press.
  • Coleman, J. S., (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
  • Coleman, J. S., (1990). Foundations of Social Theory, London: Harvard University Press
  • Crosnoe, R., (2004). Social Capital and the Interplay of Families and Schools. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 267-280.
  • Crosnoe, R., Cavanagh, S., & Elder, G.H. (2003). Adolescent friendships as academic resources: The intersection of social relationships, social structure and institutional context. Sociological Perspectives, 46, 331-352.
  • Crozier, G., & Davies, J. (2006). Family Matters: A discussion of the Bangladeshi and Pakistani Extended Family and community in supporting the children’s education. Sociological Review, 54:4: 678-694.
  • Dale, A. et al. (2002) ‘Routes into Education and Employment for Young Pakistani and Bangladeshi Women in the UK’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 25(6):924-968.
  • Denham, J., (2002). Building Cohesive Communities: a Report of the Ministerial Group on Public Order and Community Cohesion. London: Home Office.
  • Department Of Communities and Local Government, (2010). Tackling Race Inequality- a Statement on Race (www.communities.gov.uk)
  • Dika, S. L., & Singh, K. (2002). Applications of Social Capital in Educational Literature: a critical synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 71(1): 31-60.
  • Edwards, R., (2004). Present and Absent in Troubling Ways: Families and Social Capital Debates. Sociological Review, pp.2-21.
  • Equal Opportunities Commission. (2007) Moving on up? The Way Forward Report of the Equal Opportunities Commission’s investigation into Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women and work. London: EOC
  • Field, J., (2003). Social Capital, London: Routledge.
  • Francis, B. & Archer, L. (2005) ‘British-Chinese pupils’ and parents’ constructions of the value of education’, British Educational Research Journal, 31(1):89-108
  • Gibson, M. A., (2000). Situational and Structural rationales for the School Performance of Immigrant Youth. Three Cases. In H. Vermeulen & Perlmann J. (Eds.). Immigrant, Schooling and Social Mobility: Does Culture Make a Difference. London: Macmillan Press.
  • Goulbourne, H. & Solomos, J. (2003). Families, Ethnicity and Social Capital. Social Policy and Society, 2(4), pp.329-338.
  • Jackson, P., (2001). Making sense of qualitative data. In M. Limb & Dwyer, C. (eds.). Qualitative Methodologies for Geographies, London: Arnold.
  • Kao, G., (2004). Social Capital and its relevance to Minority and Immigrant populations. Sociology of Education, 77, 172-183.
  • Lauglo, J., (2000). Social Capital Trumping Class and Cultural Capital? Engagement with School among Immigrant Youth. In S. Baron, Field, J., & Schuller, T. (Eds.). Social Capital: Critical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lewis, P., (1994). Islamic Britain: Religion, politics and identity among British Muslims, London: I.B. Taurus.
  • Macey, M., (1999) ‘Class, gender and religious influences on changing patterns of Pakistani Muslim violence in Bradford’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 66
  • Macey, M., (2007). Islamic Political Radicalism in Britain: Muslim Men in Bradford. In T. Abbas (Ed.), Islamic Political Radicalism – A European Perspective (pp.160-172), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Modood, T., (2004). Capitals, ethnic identity and educational qualification. Cultural Trends, 13 (2), 87-105.
  • Morrow, V., (1999). Conceptualising Social Capital in Relation to the Well-being of Children and Young People: A Critical Review, Sociological Review, 47 (4), 744-65.
  • Morrow, V., (2001). Young People’s Explanations and Experiences of Social Exclusion: Retrieving Bourdieu’s Concept of Social Capital. The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 21 (4-6), 37-63.
  • Ouseley, H., (2001). Community pride not prejudice: Making diversity work in Bradford, Bradford: Bradford Vision.
  • Portes, A., (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24.
  • Portes, A., & Landolt, P. (1996). The Downside of Social Capital. The American Prospect, 26, 18-21.
  • Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, B. (1993). Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology, 98 (6), 1320
  • Putnam, R.D., (1993a). The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life. American Prospect, 13, 35-42.
  • Putnam, R.D., Leonardi, R. Nanetti, RY (1993b). Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy , Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Putnam, D.R., (2001). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Ramji, H., (2005). Exploring Intersections of Employment and Ethnicity Amongst British Pakistani Young Men. Sociological Research Online, 10(4).
  • Reay, D., (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework? Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mother’s Involvement in their Children’s education. Sociological Review, 48 (4), 503 - 686
  • Reay, D., (2004). It’s all becoming a habitus’: beyond the habitual use of habitus in educational research. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25(4), 431-444.
  • Reay, D., (2006). The Zombie Stalking English Schools: Social Class and Educational Qualifications. British Journal of Educational Studies, 54(3), 288-307.
  • Reynolds, T., (2004). Caribbean Families, Social Capital and Young People’s Diasporic Identities’, Families and Social Capital ESRC Research Group.
  • Sanghera, G. & Thapar-Björkert, S. (2007) ‘Because I’m Pakistani..and I’m Muslim…and I am Political’ – Gendering Political Radicalism: Young Femininities in Bradford’ in T. Abbas (ed) Islamic Political Radicalism (Edinburgh University Press), 173-191
  • Sanghera, G., & Thapar-Bjorkert, S. (2008). Methodological Dilemmas: Gatekeepers and Positionality in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(3): 543 –
  • Shain, F., (2003). The Schooling and Identity of Asian Girls, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.
  • Shaw, A., (1998). A Pakistani Community in Britain, Oxford: WileyBlackwell.
  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1999). Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedure for developing grounded theory, London:Sage.
  • Zetter, R., with David G., Nando S., Don F., Tauhis P., & Rhian B. (2006). Immigration, Social Cohesion and Social Capital: What are the Links? York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
  • Zhou, M., (1997). Social Capital in Chinatown: the role of Community-Based Organizations and Families in the Adaptation of the Younger Generation. L.Weis & Seller, M. (Eds.), Beyond Black and White: New Voices, New Faces in the United States Schools (pp.181-206) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Zhou, M., & Bankston III, C. (1994). Social Capital and the Adaptation of the Second Generation: The Case of Vietnamese Youth in New Orleans. International Migration Review, 28(3),821-845.
  • Zhou, M (2000) ‘Social capital in Chinatown: The role of community-based organisations and families in adaptation of the younger generation’, in Min Zhou and James V. Gatewood (eds), Contemporary Asian America: A Multidisciplinary Reader, 315-35. New York: New York University Press.
Year 2010, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 3 - 24, 30.05.2016

Abstract

References

  • Abbas, Tahir (2002). ‘The Home and the School in the Educational Achievements of South Asians’, Race Ethnicity and Education, Volume 5 (3): 291 – 316
  • Alexander, C. (2004) ‘Imaging the Asian gang: Ethnicity, masculinity and youth after “the Riots”’, Critical Social Policy 24(4): 525-49
  • Ali, Y. (1993). Muslim Women and the Politics of Ethnicity and Culture in Northern England. In G. Sahgal & N. Yuval-Davis (Eds.) Refusing Holy Orders. Women and Fundamentalism in Britain, London: Virago Press.
  • Anthias, F. (2007). Ethnic ties: social capital and the question of mobilisibility. Sociological Review, 55( 4): 788-805.
  • Archer, L. (2003). Race, Masculinity and Schooling – Muslim boys and education, Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • Bagguley, P., & Hussain, Y. (2007). The role of higher education in providing opportunities for South Asian. Bristol: Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Policy Press.
  • Baron, S., Field, J., & Schuller, T. (2000) (Eds.). Social Capital: Critical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Basit, T. (1997). “I want more freedom but not too much”: British Muslim girls and dynamism of family values. Gender and Education, 9(4): 425-440.
  • Bankston III, C., & Zhou, M. (2002). Social Capital as Process: The Meaning and Problems of a Theoretical Metaphor. Sociological Inquiry, 72(2) 285-317.
  • Beattie, J. (2002). ‘Exceptions to the Rule: Upwardly Mobile White and Mexican American High School Girls’. Gender and Society, 16(3): 403-422.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1997). The Forms of Capital. In A.H. Halsey, Lauder, H., Brown, P. & Wells, A.S. (Eds.) Education: Culture, Economy, Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1990). In Other Words: Essay Towards a Reflexive Sociology, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive Sociology, Cambridge: Polity.
  • Bradford Congress, (1996). The Bradford Commission Report, Bradford: The Bradford Congress.
  • Borjas, G. J., (1992). Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(1)123-150.
  • Bradley, S., & Taylor, J. (2004). Ethnicity, Educational attainment and the Transition from School’. The Manchester School, 72(3): 317-346.
  • Burlet, S., & Reid, H. (1998). ‘A gendered uprising: political representation and minority ethnic communities’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(2): 270-287.
  • Cantle, T. (2001). Community Cohesion: A Report of the Independent Review Team, London: Home Office.
  • Caseen, R., & Kingdon, G. (2007). Tackling Low Educational Achievement, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
  • Coleman, James, Johnstone, JWC, Jonassohn K. (1961), The Adolescent Society: the social life of the teenager and its impact on education, New York: Free Press.
  • Coleman, J. S., (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
  • Coleman, J. S., (1990). Foundations of Social Theory, London: Harvard University Press
  • Crosnoe, R., (2004). Social Capital and the Interplay of Families and Schools. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 267-280.
  • Crosnoe, R., Cavanagh, S., & Elder, G.H. (2003). Adolescent friendships as academic resources: The intersection of social relationships, social structure and institutional context. Sociological Perspectives, 46, 331-352.
  • Crozier, G., & Davies, J. (2006). Family Matters: A discussion of the Bangladeshi and Pakistani Extended Family and community in supporting the children’s education. Sociological Review, 54:4: 678-694.
  • Dale, A. et al. (2002) ‘Routes into Education and Employment for Young Pakistani and Bangladeshi Women in the UK’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 25(6):924-968.
  • Denham, J., (2002). Building Cohesive Communities: a Report of the Ministerial Group on Public Order and Community Cohesion. London: Home Office.
  • Department Of Communities and Local Government, (2010). Tackling Race Inequality- a Statement on Race (www.communities.gov.uk)
  • Dika, S. L., & Singh, K. (2002). Applications of Social Capital in Educational Literature: a critical synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 71(1): 31-60.
  • Edwards, R., (2004). Present and Absent in Troubling Ways: Families and Social Capital Debates. Sociological Review, pp.2-21.
  • Equal Opportunities Commission. (2007) Moving on up? The Way Forward Report of the Equal Opportunities Commission’s investigation into Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women and work. London: EOC
  • Field, J., (2003). Social Capital, London: Routledge.
  • Francis, B. & Archer, L. (2005) ‘British-Chinese pupils’ and parents’ constructions of the value of education’, British Educational Research Journal, 31(1):89-108
  • Gibson, M. A., (2000). Situational and Structural rationales for the School Performance of Immigrant Youth. Three Cases. In H. Vermeulen & Perlmann J. (Eds.). Immigrant, Schooling and Social Mobility: Does Culture Make a Difference. London: Macmillan Press.
  • Goulbourne, H. & Solomos, J. (2003). Families, Ethnicity and Social Capital. Social Policy and Society, 2(4), pp.329-338.
  • Jackson, P., (2001). Making sense of qualitative data. In M. Limb & Dwyer, C. (eds.). Qualitative Methodologies for Geographies, London: Arnold.
  • Kao, G., (2004). Social Capital and its relevance to Minority and Immigrant populations. Sociology of Education, 77, 172-183.
  • Lauglo, J., (2000). Social Capital Trumping Class and Cultural Capital? Engagement with School among Immigrant Youth. In S. Baron, Field, J., & Schuller, T. (Eds.). Social Capital: Critical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lewis, P., (1994). Islamic Britain: Religion, politics and identity among British Muslims, London: I.B. Taurus.
  • Macey, M., (1999) ‘Class, gender and religious influences on changing patterns of Pakistani Muslim violence in Bradford’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 66
  • Macey, M., (2007). Islamic Political Radicalism in Britain: Muslim Men in Bradford. In T. Abbas (Ed.), Islamic Political Radicalism – A European Perspective (pp.160-172), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Modood, T., (2004). Capitals, ethnic identity and educational qualification. Cultural Trends, 13 (2), 87-105.
  • Morrow, V., (1999). Conceptualising Social Capital in Relation to the Well-being of Children and Young People: A Critical Review, Sociological Review, 47 (4), 744-65.
  • Morrow, V., (2001). Young People’s Explanations and Experiences of Social Exclusion: Retrieving Bourdieu’s Concept of Social Capital. The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 21 (4-6), 37-63.
  • Ouseley, H., (2001). Community pride not prejudice: Making diversity work in Bradford, Bradford: Bradford Vision.
  • Portes, A., (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24.
  • Portes, A., & Landolt, P. (1996). The Downside of Social Capital. The American Prospect, 26, 18-21.
  • Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, B. (1993). Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology, 98 (6), 1320
  • Putnam, R.D., (1993a). The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life. American Prospect, 13, 35-42.
  • Putnam, R.D., Leonardi, R. Nanetti, RY (1993b). Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy , Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Putnam, D.R., (2001). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Ramji, H., (2005). Exploring Intersections of Employment and Ethnicity Amongst British Pakistani Young Men. Sociological Research Online, 10(4).
  • Reay, D., (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework? Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mother’s Involvement in their Children’s education. Sociological Review, 48 (4), 503 - 686
  • Reay, D., (2004). It’s all becoming a habitus’: beyond the habitual use of habitus in educational research. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25(4), 431-444.
  • Reay, D., (2006). The Zombie Stalking English Schools: Social Class and Educational Qualifications. British Journal of Educational Studies, 54(3), 288-307.
  • Reynolds, T., (2004). Caribbean Families, Social Capital and Young People’s Diasporic Identities’, Families and Social Capital ESRC Research Group.
  • Sanghera, G. & Thapar-Björkert, S. (2007) ‘Because I’m Pakistani..and I’m Muslim…and I am Political’ – Gendering Political Radicalism: Young Femininities in Bradford’ in T. Abbas (ed) Islamic Political Radicalism (Edinburgh University Press), 173-191
  • Sanghera, G., & Thapar-Bjorkert, S. (2008). Methodological Dilemmas: Gatekeepers and Positionality in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(3): 543 –
  • Shain, F., (2003). The Schooling and Identity of Asian Girls, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.
  • Shaw, A., (1998). A Pakistani Community in Britain, Oxford: WileyBlackwell.
  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1999). Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedure for developing grounded theory, London:Sage.
  • Zetter, R., with David G., Nando S., Don F., Tauhis P., & Rhian B. (2006). Immigration, Social Cohesion and Social Capital: What are the Links? York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
  • Zhou, M., (1997). Social Capital in Chinatown: the role of Community-Based Organizations and Families in the Adaptation of the Younger Generation. L.Weis & Seller, M. (Eds.), Beyond Black and White: New Voices, New Faces in the United States Schools (pp.181-206) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Zhou, M., & Bankston III, C. (1994). Social Capital and the Adaptation of the Second Generation: The Case of Vietnamese Youth in New Orleans. International Migration Review, 28(3),821-845.
  • Zhou, M (2000) ‘Social capital in Chinatown: The role of community-based organisations and families in adaptation of the younger generation’, in Min Zhou and James V. Gatewood (eds), Contemporary Asian America: A Multidisciplinary Reader, 315-35. New York: New York University Press.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA22GR85BV
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Suruchi Thapar This is me

Gurchathen Sanghera This is me

Publication Date May 30, 2016
Submission Date May 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Thapar, S., & Sanghera, G. (2016). Building Social Capital and Education: The Experiences of Pakistani Muslims in the UK. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 3(2), 3-24.

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