Two Simple Models of Nuclear Transparency
Year 2008,
Volume: 1 Issue: 2, - , 30.05.2016
Roger G. Johnston
Morten Bremer Maerlı
Edward G. Bıtzer
James David Ballard
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the concept of transparency. The paper begins by discussing the often-misunderstood nature of transparency and offers an alternative explanation as conceptualized by the authors. In addition, various subcomponents of transparency are introduced and explained. Then two simple, but useful, models are introduced in an attempt to help clarify the way in which the authors view the concept. Both models are based on analogies that draw loosely from the field of optics. The first model employs clouds and refraction whereas the second invokes lines of sight and the transmitting properties of a window. Finally, predictions based on the two models are proposed.
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Year 2008,
Volume: 1 Issue: 2, - , 30.05.2016
Roger G. Johnston
Morten Bremer Maerlı
Edward G. Bıtzer
James David Ballard
References
- Acharya, Amitav (1999). ―Culture, Security, Multilateralism: The ‗ASEAN‘ Way and Regional Order,‖ in Keith R. Krause (Ed.), Culture and Security. London: Frank Cass.
- Albright, David (2000). ―Secrets that matter.‖ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 56 (November/December). pp. 57-62.
- Albright, D., Berkhout, F., & Walker, W. (1997). Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium 1996: World Inventories, Capabilities, and Policies. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
- Arkin, William (2006). ‖The continuing misuses of fear,‖ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62, 5: pp. 42-45.
- The Associated Press (2001, July 7). ―Russia Issues List of Closed Cities.‖ Retrieved from ar%20News/2001/07_13_01.html#1d>. for Global Security website:
- Beck, Ulrich (1992). Risk Society. Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.
- Beck, Ulrich (2003). Globalisering og Individualisering. Bind 3 – Krig og terror (Globalisation and Individualization. Volume 3 – War and Terror, in Norwegian). Oslo: Abstract Forlag.
- Benton, J., Glaser, J., Thomas, D., Bystrov, A., Skorynine, G., Yemelyanov, V., & Sinaevsky, V. (1999). ―U.S. Transparency Monitoring Under the U.S./Russian Intergovernmental HEU-LEU Agreement,‖ Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management, Phoenix, Arizona, July 26-29.
- Bieniawski, A., & Busurin, Y. (1999). ―Transparency Measures Associated with the U.S./Russian Intergovernmental HEU-to-LEU Agreement.‖ Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management, Phoenix, Arizona, July 26-29.
- Center for Strategic and International Studies. (1999). Managing the Global Nuclear Materials Threat: Policy Recommendations. (R. E. Ebel & S. Nunn, Eds.). Washington: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
- Drew, C. (2001). Transparency. Retrieved from University of Washington website: <http://nalu.geog.washington.edu/dms/transparency_content.html>.
- Fetter, S. (1999). ―A Comprehensive Transparency Regime for Warheads and Fissile Materials.‖ Arms Control Today, Jan/Feb: pp. 3-7.
- Finel, B. I., & Lord, K. M. (2000.) Power and Conflict in the Age of Transparency. New York: Palgrave.
- Florini, A. M. (1999, April 28-30). Does the Invisible Hand Need a Transparent Glove? The Politics of Transparency. Paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on Developmental Economics, Retrieved from <http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pdf/florini.pdf>.
- Florini, Ann (2000). ―The End of Secrecy.‖ in Bernard I. Finel and Kristin M. Lord (Eds.), Power and Conflict in the Age of Transparency. New York: Palgrave.
- Freud, Sigmund (1965). New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Gallagher, Nancy W. (1999). The Politics of Verification. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
- Hofstede, Geert (1983). ―National cultures revisited,‖ Behavior Science Research 18, 4: pp. 285-305.
- Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. (1984). ―Hofstede's culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach's Value Survey,‖ Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 15, 4: pp. 417-433.
- Hornik, J., Cherian, J., & Madansky, M. (1995). ―Determinants of recycling behavior: A synthesis of research results,‖ Journal of Socio-Economics 24, 1: pp. 105-127.
- International Panel on Fissile Materials (2006, May 16). The technical basis for a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty. Report presented at the Conference on Disarmament, Geneva.
- Karlin, Samuel (1983, April). Kin selection and altruism. 11th R A Fisher Memorial Lecture, Royal Society, London.
- Khandelwal, K., & Dhillon, P. (2004). ―Study of organizational cultures: A comparison across three multinationals,‖ Social Science International 20, 2: pp. 3-18.
- Lindsey, G. (1995) ―Symposium Summary: The Verification Response.‖ in J. Marshall Beier and Steven Mataija (Eds.), Proliferation in All Its Aspects Post 1995: The Verification Challenge and Response. Toronto: Centre for International and Strategic Studies, p. 138.
- Maerli, M. B. (2000). ―Deep Seas and Deep-Seated Secrets: Naval Nuclear Fuel Stockpiles and the Need for Transparency.‖ Disarmament Diplomacy 49: pp. 14-21.
- Maerli, M. B., & Johnston, R. G. (2002). ―Safeguarding this and verifying that: Fuzzy concepts, confusing terminology, and their detrimental effects on nuclear husbandry.‖ Nonproliferation Review, 9, 1: pp. 54-82.
- Mastal, E. F., Benton, J. B., & Glaser, J. W. (1999). ―Implementation of U.S. Transparency Monitoring Under the U.S./Russian HEU Purchase Agreement.‖ Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management, Phoenix, Arizona, July 26-29.
- Mitchell, Ronald B. (2000). ―Sources of Transparency: Information Systems in International Regimes,‖ in Bernard I. Finel and Kristin M. Lord (Eds.), Power and Conflict in the Age of Transparency. New York: Palgrave.
- Oxford English Dictionary. (2002, September). ―Model.‖ Oxford University Press. 14 Oct. dictionary.oed.com.catalog.library.colostate.edu/cgi/entry/00313038?query_type=word&queryword=model&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place= 1&search_id=Ie4A-ay4iyE-19264&hilite=00313038>.
- Park, Heungsik (n.d.). ―Reform of Administrative Transparency in Korea: The Case of Korea.‖ Retrieved from The Friedrich-Naumann-Foundation website: <http://www.fnfkorea.org/fnst_eng/localauto/heungsik1.htm>.
- Rosenau, James N. (2000). ―Diplomacy, Proof and the Authority in the Information Age,‖ in Bernard I. Finel and Kristin M. Lord (Eds.), Power and Conflict in the Age of Transparency. New York: Palgrave.
- Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2005). ―Individualism: A valid and important dimension of cultural differences between nations,‖ Personality and Social Psychology Review 9, 1: pp. 17-31.
- Stiglitz, J. (1999, January 27). ―On Liberty, the Right to Know, and Public Discourse: The Role of Transparency in Public Life,‖ Oxford Amnesty Lecture, Oxford, U.K. Retrieved from <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/extme/jssp012799.htm>.
- Utman, Christopher (1997). ―Performance effects of motivational state: A meta- analysis,‖ Personality and Social Psychology Review 1, 2: pp. 170-182.
- Winkler, B. (n.d.) ―Which Kind of Transparency? On the Need for Clarity in Monetary Policy Making,‖ European Central Bank, Working Paper Series (Working Paper <http://www.ecb.int/home/conf/cfs/cfs_papers.htm>. No. 26), Retrieved from