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The Role of Social Media Activism in New Social Movements: Opportunities and Limitations

Year 2017, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 141 - 164, 13.07.2017

Abstract

The discussion on the relation between internet use and citizens’ civic and political engagement is conducted over two major paradigms. On the one hand, the optimistic viewpoint claims that the internet has been radically transforming political participation allowing for low-cost mass mobilization which would result in overall increased levels of political participation. On the other hand, the skeptical approach evaluates virtual actions like signing e- petitions, joining social networking sites’ groups, publishing and sharing campaign content, participating in short–term boycotts as ineffective and frivolous attempts.

This article aims to evaluate political participation opportunities offered by social networking sites, namely “social media activism”, in the context of new social movements; and to interrogate the functionality of such activism and its limitations comparatively. Apart from this framework, the fundamental differences which distinguishes new social movements from universalist and class- based social movements, called as “old” will be insisted in the first part of this short study. Afterwards, an understanding that attribute a meaning to social media activism in terms of democratization and political participation and affirm this form of participation in the face of the conventional media channels; and another understanding which emphasizes the restricted framework of the former approach will be presented with their essential arguments in the second part of the study. In the conclusion, the dichotomy between positive and negative approach will be discussed.

References

  • Boyd, Danah M.; Ellison, Nicole B. (2008). “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13 (1), 210- 230.
  • Buechler, Steven M. (1995). “New Social Movement Theories”. The Sociological Quarterly, 36 (3), 441-464.
  • Castells, Manuel (1996). The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Castells, Manuel (2001). The Internet Galaxy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Christensen, Henrik Serup (2011). “Political activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means?”. First Monday, 16 (2), http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3336/2767 (Access date 20.06.2017) Cottle, Simon (2011). “Media and the Arab uprisings of 2011: Research notes”. Journalism, 12 (5), 647- 659.
  • Çayır, Kenan (1999). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler: Teorik Açılımlar. İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Dahlgren, Peter (2005). “The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation”. Political Communication, 22 (2), 147-162.
  • Diani, Mario ; Bison, Ivano (2004). “Organizations, Coalitions, and Movements”. Theory and Society, 3, 281–309.
  • Habermas, Jürgen (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeoise Society. London: MIT Press.
  • Gurevitch, Michael; Coleman, Stephan; Blumler, Jay. G. (2009). “Political Communication - Old and New Media Relationships”. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 625 (1), 164–181.
  • Hindman, Matthew (2009). The Myth of Digital Democracy. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Howard, Philip N.; Hussain, Muzammil M. (2011). “The Role of Digital Media”. Journal of Democracy, 22 (3), 36-49.
  • Karaçor, Süleyman (2009). “Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri, Siyasal Katılım, Demokrasi”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 16 (2), 121-131.
  • Kuebler, Johanne (2011). “Overcoming the Digital Divide: The Internet and Political Mobilization in Egypt and Tunisia”. Cyber Orient, 5 (1), http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=6212 (Access date 20.06.2017)
  • Melucci, Alberto (1980). “The New Social Movements: A Theoretical Approach”. Social Science Information, 19, 199-226.
  • Melucci, Alberto (1985). “The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements”. Social Research, 52 (4), 789-816. Milbrath, Lester W.; Goel, Madan Lal (1977). Political Participation. Chicago: Nally College.
  • Morozov, Evgeny (2012). The Net Delusion the Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New York: Public Affair.
  • Nash, Kate (2000). Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Moy, Patricia; Scheufele, Dietram A. (2000). “Media Effects on Political and Social Trust”. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77 (4), 744- 759.
  • Nedelmann, Brigitta (1987). “Individuals and Parties- Changes in Processes of Political Mobilization”. European Sociological Review, 3 (3), 181-202.
  • Neuman W. Russell. (2000). “The Impact of the New Media: Fragmentation, Stratification and Political Evolution”, Bennett, Lance W.; Entman, Robert M. (eds.). Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Offe, Claus. (1999). “Yeni Sosyal Hareketler: Kurumsal Politikanın Sınırlarının Zorlanması”, Çayır, Kenan (ed.). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler, İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Richter, Carola (2010). “Virtual Mobilisation: The Internet and Political Activism in Egypt and Tunisia”. Cyber Orient, 51 (1), 16-24.
  • Shirky, Clay (2011). “The political power of social media : Technology, the Public Sphere and Political Change”. Foreign Affair, 90 (1), 28- 41.
  • Shulman, Stuart W. (2009). “The Case Against Mass E–mails: Perverse Incentives and Low Quality Public Participation in U.S. Federal Rulemaking”. Policy & Internet, 1 (1), 23- 53.
  • Tilly, Charles (1984). “Social Movements and National Politics”, Bright, Charles; Harding, Susan (eds.). Statemaking and Social Movements, Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.
  • Touraine, Alain (1971). The Post-Industrial Society. Tomorrow's Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society. New York: Random House.
  • Touraine, Alain (1992). “Beyond Social Movements”. Theory, Culture, and Society, 9 (1), 125-145.
  • Touraine, Alain (1999). “Toplumdan Toplumsal Hareketler”, Çayır, Kenan (ed.). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler, İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Westling, Mike (2007). “Expanding the Public Sphere: The Impact of Facebook on Political Communication”. Society (28), 835-860.

Yeni Sosyal Hareketler Bağlamında Sosyal Medya Aktivizminin Rolü: Fırsatlar ve Sınırlamalar

Year 2017, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 141 - 164, 13.07.2017

Abstract

İnternet kullanımı ve vatandaşların siyasal hayata katılımı arasındaki ilişki üzerine yürütülen tartışma iki ana yaklaşımdan beslenmektedir. Bir yanda, iyimser yaklaşımlar, sunduğu imkanlarla birlikte siyasal katılım biçimlerini dönüştüren internetin, kitle mobilizasyonu yoluyla da siyasal katılım oranını genel düzeyde arttırdığını savunurken; öte yandan, e-imza kampanyalarına, sosyal paylaşım sitelerinde örgütlenen gruplara va düzenlenen siyasal içerikli kampanyalara, kısa süreli boykotlara katılım gibi sanal faaliyetleri etkisiz ve ehemmiyetsiz eylemler olarak yorumlayan şüpheci bir yaklaşım söz konusudur.

Bu makale, sosyal paylaşım siteleri tarafından sağlanan siyasal katılım olanaklarını, bir başka deyişle, sosyal medya aktivizmini yeni sosyal hareketler çerçevesinde değerlendirmeyi; bu yeni siyasal katılım biçiminin işlevselliğini, sağladığı olanakları ve sınırlılıklarını karşılaştırarak sorgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle, çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, yeni sosyal hareketler ile 1960’ların sonuna kadar toplumsal ve siyasal hayatın önemli bir aktörü olan, evrensellik idddiasına sahip, sınıfsallık temeline dayanan “eski” sosyal hareketler arasındaki temel yapısal ve ilkesel farklılıklar üzerinde durulacaktır. Çalışmanın devamında, sosyal medya aktivizmine demokratikleşme ve siyasal katılım bakımından olumlu bir anlam yükleyen ve bu yeni siyasal katılım formunun geleneksel kitle iletişim araçları karşısında daha işlevsel olduğunu savunan “iyimser” anlayış ve bu anlayışın sınırlı çerçevesini eleştirerek, sosyal medya aktivizmini siyasal katılımı güçlendiren bir unsur olarak görmenin sakıncalarına dikkat çeken “şüpheci” yaklaşım anlatılacaktır. Sosyal medya aktivizmi ve siyasal katılım arasındaki ilişkiye dair birbirine tamamen zıt değerlendirmeler getiren bu iki farklı anlayış arasındaki dikotomi, çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde tartışılacaktır.

References

  • Boyd, Danah M.; Ellison, Nicole B. (2008). “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13 (1), 210- 230.
  • Buechler, Steven M. (1995). “New Social Movement Theories”. The Sociological Quarterly, 36 (3), 441-464.
  • Castells, Manuel (1996). The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Castells, Manuel (2001). The Internet Galaxy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Christensen, Henrik Serup (2011). “Political activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means?”. First Monday, 16 (2), http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3336/2767 (Access date 20.06.2017) Cottle, Simon (2011). “Media and the Arab uprisings of 2011: Research notes”. Journalism, 12 (5), 647- 659.
  • Çayır, Kenan (1999). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler: Teorik Açılımlar. İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Dahlgren, Peter (2005). “The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation”. Political Communication, 22 (2), 147-162.
  • Diani, Mario ; Bison, Ivano (2004). “Organizations, Coalitions, and Movements”. Theory and Society, 3, 281–309.
  • Habermas, Jürgen (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeoise Society. London: MIT Press.
  • Gurevitch, Michael; Coleman, Stephan; Blumler, Jay. G. (2009). “Political Communication - Old and New Media Relationships”. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 625 (1), 164–181.
  • Hindman, Matthew (2009). The Myth of Digital Democracy. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Howard, Philip N.; Hussain, Muzammil M. (2011). “The Role of Digital Media”. Journal of Democracy, 22 (3), 36-49.
  • Karaçor, Süleyman (2009). “Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri, Siyasal Katılım, Demokrasi”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 16 (2), 121-131.
  • Kuebler, Johanne (2011). “Overcoming the Digital Divide: The Internet and Political Mobilization in Egypt and Tunisia”. Cyber Orient, 5 (1), http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=6212 (Access date 20.06.2017)
  • Melucci, Alberto (1980). “The New Social Movements: A Theoretical Approach”. Social Science Information, 19, 199-226.
  • Melucci, Alberto (1985). “The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements”. Social Research, 52 (4), 789-816. Milbrath, Lester W.; Goel, Madan Lal (1977). Political Participation. Chicago: Nally College.
  • Morozov, Evgeny (2012). The Net Delusion the Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New York: Public Affair.
  • Nash, Kate (2000). Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Moy, Patricia; Scheufele, Dietram A. (2000). “Media Effects on Political and Social Trust”. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77 (4), 744- 759.
  • Nedelmann, Brigitta (1987). “Individuals and Parties- Changes in Processes of Political Mobilization”. European Sociological Review, 3 (3), 181-202.
  • Neuman W. Russell. (2000). “The Impact of the New Media: Fragmentation, Stratification and Political Evolution”, Bennett, Lance W.; Entman, Robert M. (eds.). Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Offe, Claus. (1999). “Yeni Sosyal Hareketler: Kurumsal Politikanın Sınırlarının Zorlanması”, Çayır, Kenan (ed.). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler, İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Richter, Carola (2010). “Virtual Mobilisation: The Internet and Political Activism in Egypt and Tunisia”. Cyber Orient, 51 (1), 16-24.
  • Shirky, Clay (2011). “The political power of social media : Technology, the Public Sphere and Political Change”. Foreign Affair, 90 (1), 28- 41.
  • Shulman, Stuart W. (2009). “The Case Against Mass E–mails: Perverse Incentives and Low Quality Public Participation in U.S. Federal Rulemaking”. Policy & Internet, 1 (1), 23- 53.
  • Tilly, Charles (1984). “Social Movements and National Politics”, Bright, Charles; Harding, Susan (eds.). Statemaking and Social Movements, Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.
  • Touraine, Alain (1971). The Post-Industrial Society. Tomorrow's Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society. New York: Random House.
  • Touraine, Alain (1992). “Beyond Social Movements”. Theory, Culture, and Society, 9 (1), 125-145.
  • Touraine, Alain (1999). “Toplumdan Toplumsal Hareketler”, Çayır, Kenan (ed.). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler, İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Westling, Mike (2007). “Expanding the Public Sphere: The Impact of Facebook on Political Communication”. Society (28), 835-860.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sezen Ravanoğlu Yılmaz

Publication Date July 13, 2017
Submission Date February 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ravanoğlu Yılmaz, S. (2017). The Role of Social Media Activism in New Social Movements: Opportunities and Limitations. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 10(1), 141-164.

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