GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES IN SWEDEN

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 27, 26.06.2019

Pınar Akarçay

Abstract

The main aim of this study is to go through a comprehensive and suppotive back-ground to figure out development and scope of gender equality in Sweden. Gender equality policies of Sweden is inseparably mingled with social state ideology that had been carried out in the last 50 years. These implemented policies seriously contributed to Sweden’s gender equality approaches and her reknown in this vein, and in addition, paved the way in exerting and achieving new policies with the purpose of improving gender equality in the economic, social and political fields of governance. Gender equality had been considered in the judiciary field via related legal regulations in the 1970s, and in the following years, renewed improving and formative legal and administrative regulations had been accordingly arranged in the field of gender equality. Thus, Sweden made a quite quick progress regarding gender equality in comparison to the many other European states. This research will explore at what extent Swedish gender equality regulations has enabled and achieved gender equality in the country. Moreover, it will be analyzed in the study that Swedish social state ideology, which was implemented with various relative differences compared to other European states, had contributed to what extent regarding gender equality.

Keywords

Social State, Gender Equality, Sweden, Gender Equality Policies in Education, Gender Equality Policies in Labor Power

İSVEÇ’TE CİNSİYET EŞİTLİĞİ POLİTİKALARI

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İsveç’te cinsiyet eşitliğini gelişimini ve kapsamını anlamaya yardımcı olacak bir arka plan sunmaktır. İsveç’in cinsiyet eşitliği politikaları, geçen 50 yıldan fazla sürede uygulanan sosyal devlet ideolojisiyle iç içe geçmiştir. Uygulanan bu politikalar İsveç’in cinsiyet eşitliğine dayalı ülke olarak bilinmesine ciddi katkılar sağlamış ve ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal alanda cinsiyet eşitliğini geliştirmeye yönelik yeni politikaların üretilmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Cinsiyet eşitliği ilk olarak 1970’li yıllarda yasal düzenlemelere yansımış, devam eden yıllarda bunu geliştiren yasal ve yönetsel düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. İsveç cinsiyet eşitliğinde diğer Avrupa ülkelerine göre kısa sürede ciddi bir ilerleme göstermiştir. Bu makalede İsveç’te cinsiyet eşitliğine yönelik düzenlemelerin cinsiyet eşitliğini ne düzeyde sağlayabildiği anlaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Ayrıca, İsveç’te uygulanan ve diğer Avrupa ülkelerine göre görece farklılıklar içeren sosyal devlet ideolojisinin cinsiyet eşitliğine katkısının ne olduğu ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.

Keywords

Sosyal Devlet, Cinsiyet Eşitliği, İsveç, Eğitimde Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları, İş Gücünde Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları

References

• Bergqvist, Christina; Jungar, Ann-Cathrine (2000). “Adaptation or Diffusion of the Swedish Gender Model?”, Hantrais, Linda (Der.). Gendered Policies in Europe, Palgrave Press, 160-179.
• Blackburn, Sheila, (1995). “How Useful Are Feminist Theories of the Welfare State?”. Women’s History Review, 4(3), 369-394.
• Bradley, David (1996). Family Law and Political Culture. Scandinavian Laws in Comparative Perspective. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
• Dale, Jennifer; Foster, Peggy (1986). Feminists and State Welfare. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Daly, Martin (2000). “A Fine Balance: Women’s Labor Market Participation in International Comparison”, Sharpf, F. W.; Schmidt, V. A. (Der.). Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
• Freidenvall, Lenita (2003). “Women’s Political Representation and Gender Quotas the Swedish Case”. Working Paper Series on the Research Program on Gender Quotas.
• Gonäs Lena; Tyrkkö Arja (2015). “Changing Structures and Women’s Role as Labor Force”. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 5(2), 89-108.
• Gornick, C. Janet; Meyers, K. Marcia (2003). Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
• Gunnarsson, Åsa; Stattin, Chris (2001). “Jämställdhetsnormen i skatte- och socialrätten”. Burman, Monica; Gunnarsson, Åsa (Eds.), Familjeföreställningar. Om familjens betydelse inom juridik, ekonomi och forskning, Uppsala: Iustus.
• Hagelberg, Helena (2014). “Gender Equality in Sweden”. Ministry of Education and Research Sweden Government Office of Sweden, Stockholm.
• Hedlin, Maria (2013). “Swedish Schools and Gender Equality in the 1970s”. International Education Studies, 6(3), 76-87.
• Hernes, Helga (1987). “The Welfare State Citizenship of Scandinavian Women”, Hernes, Helga (Der.). Welfare State and Women Power. Essays in State Feminism, Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
• Högskoleverket (2008). Kvinnor och män i högskolan [Women and men in higher education]. Stockholm: Högskoleverket.
• Jönsson, Inrid (1992). “Women in Education from a Swedish Perspective”, Wrigley, J. (Der.), Education and Gender Equality, London: Routledge Falmer, 49-69.
• Korpi, Tomas; Levin, Henrik (2001). “Precarious Footing: Temporary Employment as a Stepping Stone Out of Unemployment in Sweden”. Work, Employment & Society, 15(1), 127–148.
• Korpi, Walter (2000). “Faces of Inequality: Gender, Class and Patterns of Inequalities in Different Types of Welfare States”. Social Politics, 7, 127–191.
• Lundqvist, Åsa (1999). “Conceptualising Gender in a Swedish Context”. Gender & History, 11(3), 583-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00165
• Magnusson, Lars (2000). Den tredje industriella revolutionen (The Third Industrial Revolution). Stockholm: Prisma and Arbetslivsinstitutet.
• Nyberg, Anita (2012). “Gender Equality Policy in Sweden: 1970s–2010s”. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 2(4), 67-84.
• Nyfjäll, Mats; Bildt, Carl (2004). “Treatment of Nonresponse in the Survey ‘Work and Health for Women and Men’ Conducted by National Institute for Working Life in Sweden”. Working paper, Stockholm: Arbetslivsinstitutet.
• Pascall, Gillian (1986). Social Policy: A Feminist Analysis. London: Tavistock.
• Pringle, Keith (2009). “Future Research on Gender Equality in the Scandinavian Countries”, Melby, K.; Ravn, A. B.; Carlsson Wetterberg C. (Der.). Gender Equality and Welfare Politics in Scandinavia: The Limits of Political Ambition, Bristol: Polity Press, 223-229.
• Rees, Teresa (1998). Meanstreaming Equality in the European Union: Education, Training and Labour Market Policies. London/New York: Routledge.
• Rubery, Jill; Rafferty, Anthony (2013). “Women and Recession Revisited”. Work, Employment & Society, 27(3), 414–432.
• Sainsbury, Diane (1999). Gender and Welfare State Regimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Saraceno, Chiara (1997). “Gender and Europe: National Differences, Resources and Impediments to the Counstruction of Common Interest by European Women”, Klausen, J.; Tilly, L. A. (Der.), European Integration in Social and Historical Persfective: 1850 to Present, Blouder, Newyork/Oxford: Rowman& Littlefield, 249-266.
• Singh, Rina (1998). Gender Autonomy in Western Europe: An Imprecise Revolution. London: Macmillan.
• Svensson, Eva-Maria (2005). “Ökad målstyrning och ny kunskap inom jämställdhetsområdet”, Rothstein, Bo; Vahlne Westerhäll, Lotta (Der.). Bortom den starka statens politik, Stockholm: SNS Förlag.
• Wikman, Anders (2005). “Indicators of Changed Working Conditions”, Gustafsson, R. Å.; Lundberg, I. (Der.). Worklife and Health in Sweden, Stockholm; National Institute for Working Life & Swedish Work Environment Authority, 39–77.
• Wilson, Elizabeth (1977). Women and the Welfare State. London: Tavistock.
• jumstalldhetsmyndigheten.se
• https://www.prosperity.com/
• Statistics Sweden, (www.scb.se)