Research Article
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Travel and Tourism Development Index: The Impact of Travel and Tourism Sustainability on Tourism Receipts and Tourist Arrivals

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 639 - 653, 31.12.2023

Sevda Gürsakal , Nuran Bayram Arlı

https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1366711

Abstract

The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of Environmental Sustainability (CS), Socio-economic Resilience and Conditions (SDK) and Travel and Tourism Demand Pressure and Impact (STTE), which are included in the Travel and Tourism Sustainability (STS) sub-index, on tourism revenues and tourist arrivals for a dataset of 117 countries within the scope of the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI), and to examine how this impact changes at different levels of tourism revenues and tourist arrivals. For this purpose, how tourism revenues and tourist arrivals are affected by travel and tourism sustainability at different quantile levels is analyzed using quantile regression analysis. It is concluded that TTDI and STS variables have a positive and significant effect on tourist arrivals and tourism revenues. CS, SDK variables have a significant effect on tourist arrivals, while the STTE variable has no effect. It was found that SDK and STTE variables have a significant effect on tourism revenues in different quantiles, while the CS variable has no effect. In conclusion, the analyses conducted in this study reveal that a country’s tourism development is determined by travel and tourism sustainability.

Keywords

Travel and tourism development index tourism receipts tourist arrivals quantile regression

Project Number

101079203

References

  • Altın Yavuz, A., & Gündoğan Aşık, E. (2017). Kantil regresyon. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.352530
  • Aydemir, M., & Bayram, N. (2020). A quantile regression analysis of students’ social exclusion levels. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.672141
  • Bhatia, A., Roy, B., & Kumar, A. (2022). A review of tourism sustainability in the era of Covid-19. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 25(8), 1871–1888. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2021.1995196
  • Costanzo, A. & Desimoni, M. (2017). Beyond the mean estimate: A quantile regression analysis of inequalities in educational outcomes using INVALSI survey data. Large-Scale Assessments in Education, 5(14), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-017-0048-4
  • Erdoğan, N. (2014). Ekoturizm (Turizm, Çevre ve Sürdürülebilirlik). H. Reyhan, A. Mutlu, H. H. Doğan, & A. S. Reyhan içinde, Sosyal Çevre Bilimleri (ss. 143–185). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Gulcemal, T. (2020). The globalization indicators and tourism development: a dynamic panel-data analysis for Mediterranean countries. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 9(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1301
  • Joshi, O., Poudyal, N. C., & Larson, L. R. (2017). The influence of sociopolitical, natural, and cultural factors on international tourism growth: A cross-country panel analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19, 825–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9767-x
  • Kalina, J., & Vidnerová, P. (2022). Least weighted squares quantiles reveal how competitiveness contributes to tourism performance. Finance a Uver, 72(2), 150–171.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
  • Litavcová, E., & Síč, J. (2021). Travel and tourism competitiveness index 2019–Quantile regression approach on 2nd sub-index. Journal of Management and Business: Research and Practice, 13(2), 1–9. https://journalmb.eu/JMB/article/download/26/20
  • Nazmfar, H., Eshghei, A., Alavi, S., & Pourmoradian, S. (2019). Analysis of travel and tourism competitiveness index in Middle-East countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1590428
  • Ozturk, A. B., & Van Niekerk, M. (2014). Volume or value: A policy decision for Turkey׳s tourism industry. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(4), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2014.04.001
  • Richardson, R. B. (2021). The role of tourism in sustainable development. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.387
  • Tan, X.-P., & Wang, X.-Y. (2017). Dependence changes between the carbon price and its fundamentals: A quantile regression approach. Applied Energy, 190, 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.116
  • UNEP & WTO. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers. United Nations Environment Programme, & World Trade Organization (WTO). https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/8741
  • Uppink, L., Soshkin, M. (2022, May 24). Travel & tourism development index 2021: Rebuilding for a sustainable and resilient future. World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Travel_Tourism_Development_2021.pdf
  • Uyar, A., Kuzey, C., Koseoglu, M. A., & Karaman, A. S. (2023). Travel and tourism competitiveness index and the tourism sector development. Tourism Economics, 29(4), 1005–1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166221080357
  • Van, N. T. T., Vrana, V., Duy, N. T., Minh, D. X. H., Dzung, P. T., Mondal, S. R., & Das, S. (2020). The role of human–machine interactive devices for post-covid-19 innovative sustainable tourism in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Sustainability, 12(22), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229523
  • Vašaničová, P., Jencova, S., Gavurova, B., & Bacik, R. (2021). Cultural and natural resources as determinants of travel and tourism competitiveness. Transformations in Business & Economics, 20(3), 300–316.
  • Vašaničová, P., Jenčová, S., Kiseľáková, D., & Nebeský, Ľ. (2023). Do travel and tourism competitiveness determine international tourism inbound receipts? A quantile regression model for 125 countries. Journal of Tourism and Services, 14(26), 137–152.
  • WEF. (2022). Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021: Rebuilding for a Sustainable and Resilient Future. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021/
  • Xuanming, P., Dossou, T. A. M., Dossou, K. P., & Alinsato, A. S. (2023). The impact of tourism development on social welfare in Africa: Quantile regression analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2214351
  • Zadeh Bazargani, R. H., & Kiliç, H. (2021). Tourism competitiveness and tourism sector performance: Empirical insights from new data. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.11.011

Seyahat ve Turizm Gelişmişlik Endeksi: Seyahat ve Turizmde Sürdürülebilirliğin Turizm Gelirleri ve Turist Varışları Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 639 - 653, 31.12.2023

Sevda Gürsakal , Nuran Bayram Arlı

https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1366711

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Seyahat ve Turizm Gelişmişlik Endeksi'nin (TTDI) kapsamında 117 ülkeyi içeren veri seti için Seyahat ve Turizm Sürdürülebilirliği (STS) alt endeksi kapsamında yer alan Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik (CS), Sosyo-ekonomik Dayanıklılık ve Koşullar (SDK) ile Seyahat ve Turizm Talep Baskısı ve Etkisinin (STTE) turizm gelirleri ve turist varışları üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymak, ayrıca bu etkinin turizm geliri ve turist varışlarının farklı düzeylerdeki değişimini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda turizm gelirleri ve turist varışlarının farklı kantil düzeylerinde seyahat ve turizm sürdürülebilirliğinden nasıl etkilendiği kantil regresyon analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. TTDI ve STS değişkenlerinin turist varışları ve turizm gelirleri üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. CS, SDK değişkenlerinin turist varışları üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu, STTE değişkeninin ise etkisinin olmadığı elde edilmiştir. SDK ve STTE değişkenlerinin turizm gelirleri üzerinde farklı kantillerde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu, CS değişkeninin ise etkisinin olmadığı bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak çalışmada yapılan analizler ile bir ülkenin turizmdeki gelişmişliğinin seyahat ve turizm sürdürülebilirliği tarafından belirlendiği ortaya konulmuştur.

Keywords

Seyahat ve turizm gelişmişlik endeksi turizm gelirleri turist varışları kantil regresyon

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmada etik ilke ve standartlara uyulduğu beyan edilmiştir.

Supporting Institution

Avrupa Birliği Horizon Europe REMODEL (Proje No: 101079203)

Project Number

101079203

Thanks

Bu çalışma Avrupa Birliği’nin Horizon Europe Araştırma ve Yenilik Programı tarafından finanse edilen REMODEL projesi kapsamında yapılmıştır. Burada ifade edilen görüş ve fikirler sadece yazar(lar)a aittir ve Avrupa Birliği'nin veya Avrupa Araştırma Yürütme Ajansı’nın görüş ve fikirlerini yansıtmaz. Bunlardan Avrupa Birliği ve Avrupa Araştırma Yürütme Ajansı sorumlu tutulamaz.

References

  • Altın Yavuz, A., & Gündoğan Aşık, E. (2017). Kantil regresyon. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.352530
  • Aydemir, M., & Bayram, N. (2020). A quantile regression analysis of students’ social exclusion levels. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.672141
  • Bhatia, A., Roy, B., & Kumar, A. (2022). A review of tourism sustainability in the era of Covid-19. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 25(8), 1871–1888. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2021.1995196
  • Costanzo, A. & Desimoni, M. (2017). Beyond the mean estimate: A quantile regression analysis of inequalities in educational outcomes using INVALSI survey data. Large-Scale Assessments in Education, 5(14), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-017-0048-4
  • Erdoğan, N. (2014). Ekoturizm (Turizm, Çevre ve Sürdürülebilirlik). H. Reyhan, A. Mutlu, H. H. Doğan, & A. S. Reyhan içinde, Sosyal Çevre Bilimleri (ss. 143–185). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Gulcemal, T. (2020). The globalization indicators and tourism development: a dynamic panel-data analysis for Mediterranean countries. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 9(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1301
  • Joshi, O., Poudyal, N. C., & Larson, L. R. (2017). The influence of sociopolitical, natural, and cultural factors on international tourism growth: A cross-country panel analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19, 825–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9767-x
  • Kalina, J., & Vidnerová, P. (2022). Least weighted squares quantiles reveal how competitiveness contributes to tourism performance. Finance a Uver, 72(2), 150–171.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
  • Litavcová, E., & Síč, J. (2021). Travel and tourism competitiveness index 2019–Quantile regression approach on 2nd sub-index. Journal of Management and Business: Research and Practice, 13(2), 1–9. https://journalmb.eu/JMB/article/download/26/20
  • Nazmfar, H., Eshghei, A., Alavi, S., & Pourmoradian, S. (2019). Analysis of travel and tourism competitiveness index in Middle-East countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1590428
  • Ozturk, A. B., & Van Niekerk, M. (2014). Volume or value: A policy decision for Turkey׳s tourism industry. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(4), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2014.04.001
  • Richardson, R. B. (2021). The role of tourism in sustainable development. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.387
  • Tan, X.-P., & Wang, X.-Y. (2017). Dependence changes between the carbon price and its fundamentals: A quantile regression approach. Applied Energy, 190, 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.116
  • UNEP & WTO. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers. United Nations Environment Programme, & World Trade Organization (WTO). https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/8741
  • Uppink, L., Soshkin, M. (2022, May 24). Travel & tourism development index 2021: Rebuilding for a sustainable and resilient future. World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Travel_Tourism_Development_2021.pdf
  • Uyar, A., Kuzey, C., Koseoglu, M. A., & Karaman, A. S. (2023). Travel and tourism competitiveness index and the tourism sector development. Tourism Economics, 29(4), 1005–1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166221080357
  • Van, N. T. T., Vrana, V., Duy, N. T., Minh, D. X. H., Dzung, P. T., Mondal, S. R., & Das, S. (2020). The role of human–machine interactive devices for post-covid-19 innovative sustainable tourism in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Sustainability, 12(22), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229523
  • Vašaničová, P., Jencova, S., Gavurova, B., & Bacik, R. (2021). Cultural and natural resources as determinants of travel and tourism competitiveness. Transformations in Business & Economics, 20(3), 300–316.
  • Vašaničová, P., Jenčová, S., Kiseľáková, D., & Nebeský, Ľ. (2023). Do travel and tourism competitiveness determine international tourism inbound receipts? A quantile regression model for 125 countries. Journal of Tourism and Services, 14(26), 137–152.
  • WEF. (2022). Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021: Rebuilding for a Sustainable and Resilient Future. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021/
  • Xuanming, P., Dossou, T. A. M., Dossou, K. P., & Alinsato, A. S. (2023). The impact of tourism development on social welfare in Africa: Quantile regression analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2214351
  • Zadeh Bazargani, R. H., & Kiliç, H. (2021). Tourism competitiveness and tourism sector performance: Empirical insights from new data. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.11.011
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Econometric and Statistical Methods, Sustainable Development, Tourism Policy, Applied Statistics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevda Gürsakal 0000-0002-1324-3648

Nuran Bayram Arlı 0000-0001-5492-184X

Project Number 101079203
Early Pub Date December 30, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date September 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gürsakal, S., & Bayram Arlı, N. (2023). Seyahat ve Turizm Gelişmişlik Endeksi: Seyahat ve Turizmde Sürdürülebilirliğin Turizm Gelirleri ve Turist Varışları Üzerindeki Etkisi. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 16(2), 639-653. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1366711
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