Review Article
BibTex RIS Cite

An Overview of the Integration Paradox and Insights from Different Social Psychology Perspectives

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 407 - 424, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1355450

Abstract

According to the integration paradox, well-educated and high-income migrants who appear to be integrated successfully into the host society are, in fact, the ones who feel the most discriminated against and the most psychologically distant from the host society. Türkiye hosts the largest number of refugees worldwide. However, few published studies on the integration paradox exist in Turkish literature. The aim of this study is to introduce the integration paradox with its theoretical background and to list and critically discuss the studies that support and non-support the hypothesis. In addition, the integration paradox is examined in the light of relevant studies from social psychology perspectives, such as acculturation, relative deprivation, and intergroup contact. This study also introduced and discussed migrants’ intentions to return, another potential consequence of the integration paradox and a new and expanding research area in the literature.

Ethical Statement

This study does not require ethical approval.

Supporting Institution

The work has been supported by a grant from the Priority Research Area (Future Society: Behavior in Crisis Lab—Flagship Project) under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University. Grant No.: U1U/P02/NO/21.97

References

  • Alba, R., & Nee, V. (2003). Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary immigration. Harvard University Press.
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison Wesley.
  • Alrababah, A., Masterson, D., Casalis, M., Hangartner, D., & Weinstein, J. (2023). The dynamics of refugee return: Syrian refugees and their migration intentions. British Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 1108-1131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000667
  • Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R. M., Harwood, J., Rubin, M., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). The Contact Caveat: Negative Contact Predicts Increased Prejudice More Than Positive Contact Predicts Reduced Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1629-1643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953
  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
  • Berry, J. W., Kim U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303
  • Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55(3), 303-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
  • Bobowik, M., Martinovic, B., Basabe, N., Barsties, L. S., & Wachter, G. (2017). ‘Healthy’ identities? Revisiting rejection-identification and rejection-disidentification models among voluntary and forced immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 818-831. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2306
  • Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
  • Cheung, N. W., & Yao, W. (2022). The integration paradox: discrimination, institutional trust, and settlement intention among highly educated mainland Chinese migrants in Hong Kong and Macao. Asian Population Studies, 18(2), 150-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2022.2078932
  • Coll, C. G., & Marks, A. K. (Eds.). (2012). The immigrant paradox in children and adolescents: Is becoming American a developmental risk? American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13094-000
  • Cronin, T. J., Levin, S., Branscombe, N. R., van Laar, C., & Tropp, L. R. (2012). Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(3), 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211427171
  • Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83(2), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.85
  • Damen, R., Dagevos, J., & Huijnk, W. (2024). Feeling at home? A dynamic analysis of the impact of discrimination, refugee-specific, and participation characteristics on recently arrived refugees’ belonging. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 25(2024), 1547-1569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-024-01135-y
  • Davis, J. A. (1959). A formal interpretation of the theory of relative deprivation. Sociometry, 22(4), 280-296. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786046
  • de Vroome, T., Martinovic, B., & Verkuyten, M. (2014a). The integration paradox: Level of education and immigrants’ attitudes towards natives and the host society. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(2), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034946
  • de Vroome, T., Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2014b). Host national identification of immigrants in the Netherlands. International Migration Review, 48(1), 76-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12063
  • Di Iasio, V., & Wahba, J. (2024). The Determinants of Refugees’ Destinations: Where do refugees locate within the EU? World Development, 177, 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106533
  • Di Saint Pierre, F., Martinovic, B., & De Vroome, T. (2015). Return wishes of refugees in the Netherlands: The role of integration, host national identification and perceived discrimination. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(11), 1836-1857. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1023184
  • Diehl, C., & Trittler, S. (2024). Highly skilled and highly skeptical? How education and origin shape newcomers’ relationship with their new home. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 50(7), 1777–1802. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2315356
  • Eberl, J.-M., Meltzer, C. E., Heidenreich, T., Herrero, B., Theorin, N., Lind, F., Berganza, R., Boomgaarden, H. G., Schemer, C., & Strömbäck, J. (2018). The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: A literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452
  • Entzinger, H., & Dourleijn, E. (2008). De lat steeds hoger: De leefwereld van jongeren in een multi-etnische stad [Increasing demands: The world of youth in a multi-ethnic city]. Van Gorcum.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2020). Suriyeliler Barometresi-2019: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi. Orion Kitabevi.
  • Geurts, N., Davids, T., Lubbers, M., & Spierings, N. (2022). A cosmopolitan explanation of the integration paradox: A mixed methods approach. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(16), 412-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2093613
  • Geurts, N., Davids, T., & Spierings, N. (2021). The lived experience of an integration paradox: why high-skilled migrants from Turkey experience little national belonging in the Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(1), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1770062
  • Geurts, N., Lubbers, M., & Spierings, N. (2020). Structural position and relative deprivation among recent migrants: A longitudinal take on the integration paradox. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(9), 1828-1848. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1675499
  • Gheorghiu, M., Pehrson, S., & Christ, O. (2022). Status, relative deprivation, and moral devaluation of immigrants. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(2), 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12493
  • Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life. Oxford University Press.
  • Graf, S., Paolini, S., & Rubin, M. (2014). Negative intergroup contact is more influential, but positive intergroup contact is more common: Assessing contact prominence and contact prevalence in five Central European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 536-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2052
  • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
  • Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
  • Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., & Solheim, E. (2009). To identify or not to identify? National disidentification as an alternative reaction to perceived ethnic discrimination. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 105-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.x
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2014). Kültürleşme ve aile ilişkileri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17(34), 120-127. https://www.tpd.com.tr/tr/yayinlar/dergiler/1031828/tpy1301996120140000m000078.pdf
  • Kayaoğlu, A., Şahin-Mencütek, Z., & Erdoğan, M. M. (2022). Return aspirations of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(4), 561-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2021.1955172
  • Kuppens, E., van den Broek, T. (2022). Social integration and mental health of Somali refugees in the Netherlands: the role of perceived discrimination. BMC Public Health 22(1), 2223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14655-y
  • Lajevardi, N., Oskooii, K. A. R., Walker, H. L., & Westfall, A. L. (2020), The paradox between integration and perceived discrimination among American Muslims. Political Psychology, 41(3), 587-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12640
  • Lindemann, K. (2020). How labor-market integration affects perceptions of discrimination: School-to-apprenticeship transitions of youth with migration background in Germany. International Migration Review, 54(4), 1045-1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319885892
  • Marks, A. K., Ejesi, K., & Coll, C. G. (2014). Understanding the U.S. immigrant paradox in childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 8(2), 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12071
  • Martinovic, B. (2013). The inter-ethnic contacts of immigrants and natives in the Netherlands: A two-sided perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.723249
  • Mazzoni, D., Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., & Riva, P. (2020). The dual path of the rejection (dis)identification model: A study on adolescents with a migrant background. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2672
  • Montemitro, C., D’Andrea, G., Cesa, F., Martinotti, G., Pettorruso, M., Giannantonio, M. D., Muratori, R., & Tarricone, I. (2021). Language proficiency and mental disorders among migrants: A systematic review. European Psychiatry, 64(1), e49. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2224
  • Nkulu Kalengayi, F. K., Baroudi, M., & Hurtig, A.-K. (2024). Prevalence of perceived discrimination, determinants and associations with self-rated general and sexual health, healthcare utilization and self-perceived integration: A cross-sectional survey of migrants in Sweden. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 699. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18160-2
  • Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, os-7(4), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/009182966000700405
  • Özkan, Z., & Ergün, N. (2022). Extended Contact with Turks and Syrian Refugees’ Intention to Migrate: The Mediating Roles of Ingroup and Outgroup Identification. In H. Çakal & S. Husnu (Eds), Examining Complex Intergroup Relations: Through the Lens of Turkey (pp. 224-238). Routledge.
  • Özkan, Z., Ergün, N., & Çakal, H. (2021). Positive versus negative contact and refugees’ intentions to migrate: The mediating role of perceived discrimination, life satisfaction and identification with the host society among Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 31(4), 438-451. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2508
  • Özkan, Z., Eryılmaz, A. & Ergün, N. (2023). Intentions to return and migrate to the Third Countries: A socio-demographic investigation among Syrians in Turkey. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 24(2023), 1571–1587 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01031-x
  • Palacios, N., Guttmannova, K., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2008). Early reading achievement of children in immigrant families: Is there an immigrant paradox? Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1381-1395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012863
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Portes, A., Parker, R. N., & Cobas, J. A. (1980). Assimilation or consciousness: Perceptions of US society among recent Latin American immigrants to the United States. Social forces, 59(1), 200-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/59.1.200
  • Putnam, R. D. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
  • Ramos, M. R., Cassidy, C., Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2012). A longitudinal investigation of the rejection–identification hypothesis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 642-660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02029.x
  • Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38(1), 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
  • Runciman, W. G. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice. Kegan-Paul.
  • Sakallı Uğurlu, N., & Akbaş, G. (2013). Namus kültürlerinde “namus” ve “namus adına kadına şiddet”: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16(32), 76-91. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/74520
  • Schaeffer, M., & Kas, J. (2023). The integration paradox: A review and meta-analysis of the complex relationship between integration and reports of discrimination. International Migration Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231170809
  • Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 921–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
  • Sirin, S. R., & Sin, E. J. (2023). Meta-analysis on the relation between acculturation and academic performance: Testing the immigrant paradox. Educational Research Review, 39, 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100526
  • Sizemore, D. S., & Milner, W. T. (2004). Hispanic media use and perceptions of discrimination: Reconsidering ethnicity, politics, and socioeconomics. Sociological Quarterly, 45(4), 765-784. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2004.tb02313.x
  • Smith, H. J., Pettigrew, T. F., Pippin, G. M., & Bialosiewicz, S. (2012). Relative deprivation: A theoretical and meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(3), 203-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311430825
  • Steinmann, J. P. (2019). The paradox of integration: Why do higher educated new immigrants perceive more discrimination in Germany? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(9), 1377-1400. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1480359
  • Tolsma, J., Lubbers, M., & Gijsberts, M. (2012). Education and cultural integration among ethnic minorities and natives in the Netherlands: A test of the integration paradox. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(5), 793-813. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.667994
  • Tsegay, S. M. (2022). Hope springs eternal: Exploring the early settlement experiences of highly educated Eritrean refugees in the UK. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 23(3), 1235-1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00883-5
  • Tuppat, J., & Gerhards, J. (2021). Immigrants’ first names and perceived discrimination: A contribution to understanding the integration paradox. European Sociological Review, 37(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa041
  • UNHCR. (2023, Haziran 24). Welcome to UNHCR’s Refugee Population Statistics Database. The UN Refugee Agency. https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/
  • Uskul, A. K., Cross, S. E., Sunbay, Z., Gercek-Swing, B., & Ataca, B. (2012). Honor bound: The cultural construction ofhonor in Turkey and the Northern United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(7), 1131–1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111422258
  • Uskul, A. K., Kirchner-Häusler, A., Vignoles, V. L., Rodriguez-Bailón, R., Castillo, V. A., Cross, S. E., Yalçın, M. G., Harb, C., Husnu, S., Ishii, K., Jin, S., Karamaouna, P., Kafetsios, K., Kateri, E., Matamoros-Lima, J., Liu, D., Miniesy, R., Na, J., Özkan, Z., . . . Uchida, Y. (2023). Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in Mediterranean societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(3), 471–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000342
  • van Maaren, F. M., & van de Rijt, A. (2020). No integration paradox among adolescents. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(9), 1756-1772. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1551126
  • Verkuyten, M. (2016). The integration paradox: Empiric evidence from the Netherlands. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(5-6), 583-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216632838
  • Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 1448-1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304276
  • Walker, I., & Smith, H. (Eds.). (2002). Relative deprivation: Specification, development and integration. Cambridge University Press
  • Wodtke, G. T. (2012). The impact of education on intergroup attitudes: A multiracial analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 75(1), 80-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272511430234
  • Wölfer, R., Caro, D. H., & Hewstone, M. (2019). Academic benefit of outgroup contact for immigrant and nonimmigrant students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(3), 419-433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218809882
  • Yazdiha, H. (2019). Exclusion through acculturation? Comparing first-and second-generation European Muslims’ perceptions of discrimination across four national contexts. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(5), 782-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1444186
  • Zimmermann, J., Greischel, H., Jonkmann, K., & Neyer, F. J. (2021). Growth all along the road? Personality development and international contacts of (in)experienced sojourners. European Journal of Personality, 35(4), 581–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890207020988439

Entegrasyon Paradoksunun Tanıtımı ve Çeşitli Sosyal Psikoloji Perspektiflerinden Bir Derlemesi

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 407 - 424, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1355450

Abstract

Entegrasyon paradoksuna göre ev sahibi topluma başarılı uyum sağlamış gibi görünen iyi eğitimli ve yüksek gelirli göçmenler esasen ayrımcılığı en çok hisseden ve göç edilen topluma psikolojik olarak en uzak hisseden bireylerdir. Türkiye, dünya çapında en çok mülteciye ev sahipliği yapmaktadır, ancak Türkçe literatürde entegrasyon paradoksuyla ilgili yayımlanmış çalışma sayısı azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, entegrasyon paradoksunu teorik arka planıyla beraber tanıtmak, paradoksu destekleyen ve desteklemeyen çalışmaları sıralamak ve paradoksu eleştirel bir şekilde tartışmaktır. Ayrıca entegrasyon paradoksu; kültürleşme, göreli yoksunluk ve gruplar arası temas gibi sosyal psikoloji perspektiflerinden ilgili çalışmalar ışığında incelenmiştir. Entegrasyon paradoksunun bir başka potansiyel sonucu olan ve literatürde geniş bir yer edinen göçmenlerin geri dönme niyetleri ile ilgili çalışmalar da tanıtılmış ve tartışılmıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmada etik ilke ve standartlara uyulduğu beyan edilmiştir.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma, Jagiellonian Üniversitesi Stratejik Program Mükemmeliyet Girişimi kapsamındaki Öncelikli Araştırma Alanı (Future Society: Behavior in Crisis Lab - Flagship Projesi) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Hibe No: U1U/P02/NO/21.97

References

  • Alba, R., & Nee, V. (2003). Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary immigration. Harvard University Press.
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison Wesley.
  • Alrababah, A., Masterson, D., Casalis, M., Hangartner, D., & Weinstein, J. (2023). The dynamics of refugee return: Syrian refugees and their migration intentions. British Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 1108-1131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000667
  • Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R. M., Harwood, J., Rubin, M., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). The Contact Caveat: Negative Contact Predicts Increased Prejudice More Than Positive Contact Predicts Reduced Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1629-1643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953
  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
  • Berry, J. W., Kim U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303
  • Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55(3), 303-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
  • Bobowik, M., Martinovic, B., Basabe, N., Barsties, L. S., & Wachter, G. (2017). ‘Healthy’ identities? Revisiting rejection-identification and rejection-disidentification models among voluntary and forced immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 818-831. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2306
  • Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
  • Cheung, N. W., & Yao, W. (2022). The integration paradox: discrimination, institutional trust, and settlement intention among highly educated mainland Chinese migrants in Hong Kong and Macao. Asian Population Studies, 18(2), 150-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2022.2078932
  • Coll, C. G., & Marks, A. K. (Eds.). (2012). The immigrant paradox in children and adolescents: Is becoming American a developmental risk? American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13094-000
  • Cronin, T. J., Levin, S., Branscombe, N. R., van Laar, C., & Tropp, L. R. (2012). Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(3), 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211427171
  • Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83(2), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.85
  • Damen, R., Dagevos, J., & Huijnk, W. (2024). Feeling at home? A dynamic analysis of the impact of discrimination, refugee-specific, and participation characteristics on recently arrived refugees’ belonging. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 25(2024), 1547-1569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-024-01135-y
  • Davis, J. A. (1959). A formal interpretation of the theory of relative deprivation. Sociometry, 22(4), 280-296. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786046
  • de Vroome, T., Martinovic, B., & Verkuyten, M. (2014a). The integration paradox: Level of education and immigrants’ attitudes towards natives and the host society. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(2), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034946
  • de Vroome, T., Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2014b). Host national identification of immigrants in the Netherlands. International Migration Review, 48(1), 76-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12063
  • Di Iasio, V., & Wahba, J. (2024). The Determinants of Refugees’ Destinations: Where do refugees locate within the EU? World Development, 177, 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106533
  • Di Saint Pierre, F., Martinovic, B., & De Vroome, T. (2015). Return wishes of refugees in the Netherlands: The role of integration, host national identification and perceived discrimination. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(11), 1836-1857. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1023184
  • Diehl, C., & Trittler, S. (2024). Highly skilled and highly skeptical? How education and origin shape newcomers’ relationship with their new home. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 50(7), 1777–1802. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2315356
  • Eberl, J.-M., Meltzer, C. E., Heidenreich, T., Herrero, B., Theorin, N., Lind, F., Berganza, R., Boomgaarden, H. G., Schemer, C., & Strömbäck, J. (2018). The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: A literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452
  • Entzinger, H., & Dourleijn, E. (2008). De lat steeds hoger: De leefwereld van jongeren in een multi-etnische stad [Increasing demands: The world of youth in a multi-ethnic city]. Van Gorcum.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2020). Suriyeliler Barometresi-2019: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi. Orion Kitabevi.
  • Geurts, N., Davids, T., Lubbers, M., & Spierings, N. (2022). A cosmopolitan explanation of the integration paradox: A mixed methods approach. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(16), 412-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2093613
  • Geurts, N., Davids, T., & Spierings, N. (2021). The lived experience of an integration paradox: why high-skilled migrants from Turkey experience little national belonging in the Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(1), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1770062
  • Geurts, N., Lubbers, M., & Spierings, N. (2020). Structural position and relative deprivation among recent migrants: A longitudinal take on the integration paradox. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(9), 1828-1848. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1675499
  • Gheorghiu, M., Pehrson, S., & Christ, O. (2022). Status, relative deprivation, and moral devaluation of immigrants. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(2), 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12493
  • Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life. Oxford University Press.
  • Graf, S., Paolini, S., & Rubin, M. (2014). Negative intergroup contact is more influential, but positive intergroup contact is more common: Assessing contact prominence and contact prevalence in five Central European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 536-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2052
  • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
  • Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
  • Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., & Solheim, E. (2009). To identify or not to identify? National disidentification as an alternative reaction to perceived ethnic discrimination. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 105-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.x
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2014). Kültürleşme ve aile ilişkileri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17(34), 120-127. https://www.tpd.com.tr/tr/yayinlar/dergiler/1031828/tpy1301996120140000m000078.pdf
  • Kayaoğlu, A., Şahin-Mencütek, Z., & Erdoğan, M. M. (2022). Return aspirations of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(4), 561-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2021.1955172
  • Kuppens, E., van den Broek, T. (2022). Social integration and mental health of Somali refugees in the Netherlands: the role of perceived discrimination. BMC Public Health 22(1), 2223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14655-y
  • Lajevardi, N., Oskooii, K. A. R., Walker, H. L., & Westfall, A. L. (2020), The paradox between integration and perceived discrimination among American Muslims. Political Psychology, 41(3), 587-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12640
  • Lindemann, K. (2020). How labor-market integration affects perceptions of discrimination: School-to-apprenticeship transitions of youth with migration background in Germany. International Migration Review, 54(4), 1045-1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319885892
  • Marks, A. K., Ejesi, K., & Coll, C. G. (2014). Understanding the U.S. immigrant paradox in childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 8(2), 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12071
  • Martinovic, B. (2013). The inter-ethnic contacts of immigrants and natives in the Netherlands: A two-sided perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.723249
  • Mazzoni, D., Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., & Riva, P. (2020). The dual path of the rejection (dis)identification model: A study on adolescents with a migrant background. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2672
  • Montemitro, C., D’Andrea, G., Cesa, F., Martinotti, G., Pettorruso, M., Giannantonio, M. D., Muratori, R., & Tarricone, I. (2021). Language proficiency and mental disorders among migrants: A systematic review. European Psychiatry, 64(1), e49. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2224
  • Nkulu Kalengayi, F. K., Baroudi, M., & Hurtig, A.-K. (2024). Prevalence of perceived discrimination, determinants and associations with self-rated general and sexual health, healthcare utilization and self-perceived integration: A cross-sectional survey of migrants in Sweden. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 699. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18160-2
  • Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, os-7(4), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/009182966000700405
  • Özkan, Z., & Ergün, N. (2022). Extended Contact with Turks and Syrian Refugees’ Intention to Migrate: The Mediating Roles of Ingroup and Outgroup Identification. In H. Çakal & S. Husnu (Eds), Examining Complex Intergroup Relations: Through the Lens of Turkey (pp. 224-238). Routledge.
  • Özkan, Z., Ergün, N., & Çakal, H. (2021). Positive versus negative contact and refugees’ intentions to migrate: The mediating role of perceived discrimination, life satisfaction and identification with the host society among Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 31(4), 438-451. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2508
  • Özkan, Z., Eryılmaz, A. & Ergün, N. (2023). Intentions to return and migrate to the Third Countries: A socio-demographic investigation among Syrians in Turkey. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 24(2023), 1571–1587 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01031-x
  • Palacios, N., Guttmannova, K., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2008). Early reading achievement of children in immigrant families: Is there an immigrant paradox? Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1381-1395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012863
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Portes, A., Parker, R. N., & Cobas, J. A. (1980). Assimilation or consciousness: Perceptions of US society among recent Latin American immigrants to the United States. Social forces, 59(1), 200-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/59.1.200
  • Putnam, R. D. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
  • Ramos, M. R., Cassidy, C., Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2012). A longitudinal investigation of the rejection–identification hypothesis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 642-660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02029.x
  • Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38(1), 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
  • Runciman, W. G. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice. Kegan-Paul.
  • Sakallı Uğurlu, N., & Akbaş, G. (2013). Namus kültürlerinde “namus” ve “namus adına kadına şiddet”: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16(32), 76-91. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/74520
  • Schaeffer, M., & Kas, J. (2023). The integration paradox: A review and meta-analysis of the complex relationship between integration and reports of discrimination. International Migration Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231170809
  • Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 921–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
  • Sirin, S. R., & Sin, E. J. (2023). Meta-analysis on the relation between acculturation and academic performance: Testing the immigrant paradox. Educational Research Review, 39, 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100526
  • Sizemore, D. S., & Milner, W. T. (2004). Hispanic media use and perceptions of discrimination: Reconsidering ethnicity, politics, and socioeconomics. Sociological Quarterly, 45(4), 765-784. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2004.tb02313.x
  • Smith, H. J., Pettigrew, T. F., Pippin, G. M., & Bialosiewicz, S. (2012). Relative deprivation: A theoretical and meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(3), 203-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311430825
  • Steinmann, J. P. (2019). The paradox of integration: Why do higher educated new immigrants perceive more discrimination in Germany? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(9), 1377-1400. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1480359
  • Tolsma, J., Lubbers, M., & Gijsberts, M. (2012). Education and cultural integration among ethnic minorities and natives in the Netherlands: A test of the integration paradox. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(5), 793-813. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.667994
  • Tsegay, S. M. (2022). Hope springs eternal: Exploring the early settlement experiences of highly educated Eritrean refugees in the UK. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 23(3), 1235-1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00883-5
  • Tuppat, J., & Gerhards, J. (2021). Immigrants’ first names and perceived discrimination: A contribution to understanding the integration paradox. European Sociological Review, 37(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa041
  • UNHCR. (2023, Haziran 24). Welcome to UNHCR’s Refugee Population Statistics Database. The UN Refugee Agency. https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/
  • Uskul, A. K., Cross, S. E., Sunbay, Z., Gercek-Swing, B., & Ataca, B. (2012). Honor bound: The cultural construction ofhonor in Turkey and the Northern United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(7), 1131–1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111422258
  • Uskul, A. K., Kirchner-Häusler, A., Vignoles, V. L., Rodriguez-Bailón, R., Castillo, V. A., Cross, S. E., Yalçın, M. G., Harb, C., Husnu, S., Ishii, K., Jin, S., Karamaouna, P., Kafetsios, K., Kateri, E., Matamoros-Lima, J., Liu, D., Miniesy, R., Na, J., Özkan, Z., . . . Uchida, Y. (2023). Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in Mediterranean societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(3), 471–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000342
  • van Maaren, F. M., & van de Rijt, A. (2020). No integration paradox among adolescents. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(9), 1756-1772. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1551126
  • Verkuyten, M. (2016). The integration paradox: Empiric evidence from the Netherlands. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(5-6), 583-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216632838
  • Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 1448-1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304276
  • Walker, I., & Smith, H. (Eds.). (2002). Relative deprivation: Specification, development and integration. Cambridge University Press
  • Wodtke, G. T. (2012). The impact of education on intergroup attitudes: A multiracial analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 75(1), 80-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272511430234
  • Wölfer, R., Caro, D. H., & Hewstone, M. (2019). Academic benefit of outgroup contact for immigrant and nonimmigrant students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(3), 419-433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218809882
  • Yazdiha, H. (2019). Exclusion through acculturation? Comparing first-and second-generation European Muslims’ perceptions of discrimination across four national contexts. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(5), 782-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1444186
  • Zimmermann, J., Greischel, H., Jonkmann, K., & Neyer, F. J. (2021). Growth all along the road? Personality development and international contacts of (in)experienced sojourners. European Journal of Personality, 35(4), 581–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890207020988439
There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Migration Sociology, International Migration, Social Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zafer Özkan 0000-0001-7831-2491

Early Pub Date August 30, 2024
Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date September 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özkan, Z. (2024). Entegrasyon Paradoksunun Tanıtımı ve Çeşitli Sosyal Psikoloji Perspektiflerinden Bir Derlemesi. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 17(2), 407-424. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1355450

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26134 26133     Content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------