Antioxidant and diuretic effects of flower extract of Laurus nobilis

Abstract

Diuretic medications are widely used and can come with negative effects. Because they are effective and have fewer adverse effects than other treatments for renal illness, medicinal plants have become increasingly important. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant ability and the impact of Laurus nobilis extract (flower) on diuresis in rats. Two doses of 200 mg and 400 mg of Laurus nobilis extract were used to treat rats for thirty days. Then, we assessed all changes induced in urine and plasma parameters of rats, using furosemide as a standard drug. Further, we evaluated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant ability (DPPH and FRAP) of the tested extract. The results obtained show that the administration of a single dose of Laurus nobilis extract improved the urine flow significantly after 4 h of treatment. Similarly, both doses of the tested extract enhanced sodium, potassium, and chloride excretion without inducing hypokalemia. A similar tendency was recorded for both urine and creatinine, while the results of the furosemide group revealed a significant hypokalemia effect of the standard drug. Laurus nobilis demonstrated superior antioxidant and diuretic effects without inducing hypokalemia due to the higher content of phenolic and flavonoid content. However, more advanced studies are required to explore the constituents of Laurus nobilis extracts and essential oils, as well as to test their pertinent biological activities.

Keywords

• Laurus nobilis flowers
• Antioxidant activity
• Diuretic effect

References

1. Alarcón-Alonso, J., Zamilpa, A., Aguilar, F.A., Herrera-Ruiz, M., Tortoriello, J., & Jimenez-Ferrer, E. (2012). Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(3), 751‑756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.005
2. Anzano, A., de Falco, B., Grauso, L., Motti, R., & Lanzotti, V. (2022). Laurel, Laurus nobilis L. : A review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Phytochemistry Reviews, 21(2), 565‑615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09791-z
3. Aourach, M., Barbero, G.F., González de Peredo, A.V., Diakite, A., El Boukari, M., & Essalmani, H. (2021). Composition and antifungal effects of aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus , Laurus nobilis and Santolina chamaecyparissus on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Lentis. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 54(19‑20), 2141‑2159. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2021.1922169
4. Batiha, G.E.-S., Beshbishy, A.M., Alkazmi, L., Adeyemi, O.S., Nadwa, E., Rashwan, E., El-Mleeh, A., & Igarashi, I. (2020). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and antiprotozoal effects of the methanolic Viola tricolor and acetonic Laurus nobilis extracts. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2848-2
5. Bourebaba, N., Kornicka-Garbowska, K., Marycz, K., Bourebaba, L., & Kowalczuk, A. (2021). Laurus nobilis ethanolic extract attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cell line through the reduction of oxidative stress and improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis – Possible implication in pharmacotherapy. Mitochondrion, 59, 190‑213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2021.06.003
6. Breyer, J., & Jacobson, H.R. (1990). Molecular mechanisms of diuretic agents. Annual Review of Medicine, 41(1), 265‑275.
7. Brinza, I., Boiangiu, R. S., Hancianu, M., Cioanca, O., Erdogan Orhan, I., & Hritcu, L. (2021). Bay Leaf (Laurus Nobilis L.) Incense Improved Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Rats by Restoring Cholinergic Dysfunction and Brain Antioxidant Status. Antioxidants, 10(2), 259.
8. Chen, D.-Q., Hu, H.-H., Wang, Y.-N., Feng, Y.-L., Cao, G., & Zhao, Y.-Y. (2018). Natural products for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease. Phytomedicine, 50, 50‑60.

9. Cherrat, L., Espina, L., Bakkali, M., García-Gonzalo, D., Pagán, R., & Laglaoui, A. (2014). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Laurus nobilis L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils from Morocco and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity acting alone or in combined processes for food preservation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(6), 1197‑1204. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6397
10. Čulina, P., Cvitković, D., Pfeifer, D., Zorić, Z., Repajić, M., Elez Garofulić, I., Balbino, S., & Pedisić, S. (2021). Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants : Diversity upon Plant Species and Extraction Technique. Processes, 9(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122207
11. Dobroslavić, E., Elez Garofulić, I., Zorić, Z., Pedisić, S., & Dragović-Uzelac, V. (2021). Polyphenolic Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity of Laurus nobilis L. Leaf Extracts Obtained by Green and Conventional Extraction Techniques. Processes, 9(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101840
12. Eid, P.S., Ibrahim, D.A., Zayan, A.H., Elrahman, M.M.A., Shehata, M.A.A., Kandil, H., Abouibrahim, M.A., Duy, L.M., Shinkar, A., Elfaituri, M.K., Minh, L.H.N., Fahmy, M.M., Tam, D.N.H., Vuong, N.L., Shah, J., Do, V.B.D., Hirayama, K., & Huy, N.T. (2021). Comparative effects of furosemide and other diuretics in the treatment of heart failure : A systematic review and combined meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Failure Reviews, 26(1), 127‑136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-10003-7
13. Ferreira-Santos, P., Genisheva, Z., Pereira, R.N., Teixeira, J.A., & Rocha, C.M. (2019). Moderate electric fields as a potential tool for sustainable recovery of phenolic compounds from Pinus pinaster bark. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7(9), 8816‑8826.
14. Fidan, H., Stefanova, G., Kostova, I., Stankov, S., Damyanova, S., Stoyanova, A., & Zheljazkov, V.D. (2019). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Laurus nobilis L. essential oils from Bulgaria. Molecules, 24(4), 804.
15. Guan, T., Xin, Y., Zheng, K., Wang, R., Zhang, X., Jia, S., Li, S., Cao, C., & Zhao, X. (2021). Metabolomics analysis of the effects of quercetin on renal toxicity induced by cadmium exposure in rats. BioMetals, 34(1), 33‑48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-020-00260-2
16. Hosseinimehr, S.J. (2014). Beneficial effects of natural products on cells during ionizing radiation. Reviews on Environmental Health, 29(4), 341‑353.
17. Hymes, L.C., & Warshaw, B.L. (1987). Thiazide diuretics for the treatment of children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and hematuria. The Journal of Urology, 138(5), 1217‑1219.
18. Kong, K.W., Mat-Junit, S., Aminudin, N., Ismail, A., & Abdul-Aziz, A. (2012). Antioxidant activities and polyphenolics from the shoots of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng in a polar to apolar medium system. Food Chemistry, 134(1), 324‑332.
19. Lee, S., Chung, S.-C., Lee, S.-H., Park, W., Oh, I., Mar, W., Shin, J., & Oh, K.-B. (2012). Acylated Kaempferol Glycosides from Laurus nobilis Leaves and Their Inhibitory Effects on Na+/K+-Adenosine Triphosphatase. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 35(3), 428‑432. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.35.428
20. Macharia, J.M., Mwangi, R.W., Rozmann, N., Zsolt, K., Varjas, T., Uchechukwu, P.O., Wagara, I.N., & Raposa, B.L. (2022). Medicinal plants with anti-colorectal cancer bioactive compounds : Potential game-changers in colorectal cancer management. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 153, 113383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113383
21. Miguel, M., Bouchamaa, N., Aazza, S., Gaamoussi, F., & Lyoussi, B. (2014). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of eleven extracts of Moroccan plants. Fresenius Environ Bull, 23(6), 1‑14.
22. Mssillou, I., Agour, A., El Ghouizi, A., Hamamouch, N., Lyoussi, B., & Derwich, E. (2020). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Antifungal Effects of Essential Oil from Laurus nobilis L. Flowers Growing in Morocco. Journal of Food Quality, 2020, e8819311. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8819311
23. Muñiz-Márquez, D.B., Rodríguez, R., Balagurusamy, N., Carrillo, M.L., Belmares, R., Contreras, J.C., Nevárez, G.V., & Aguilar, C.N. (2014). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts of Laurus nobilis L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. CyTA - Journal of Food, 12(3), 271‑276. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2013.847500
24. Nagah, N., Mostafa, I., Osman, A., Dora, G., El-Sayed, Z., & Ateya, A.-M. (2021). Bioguided Isolation and in-Silico Analysis of Hep-G2 Cytotoxic Constituents From Laurus nobilis Linn. Cultivated In Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64(5), 2731‑2745. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.55937.3197
25. Nava, D.E., Savaris, M., Silveira Neto, S., & Zucchi, R.A. (2021). Outbreak of Lauritrioza alacris (Flor, 1861)(Hemiptera, Triozidae) in a commercial plantation of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L., Lauraceae) in Brazil. Entomological Communications, 3, 2675‑1305.
26. Ojulari, O.V., Lee, S.G., & Nam, J.-O. (2019). Beneficial effects of natural bioactive compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on obesity. Molecules, 24(1), 210.
27. Olazarán-Santibañez, F., Rivera, G., Vanoye-Eligio, V., Mora-Olivo, A., Aguirre-Guzmán, G., Ramírez-Cabrera, M., & Arredondo-Espinoza, E. (2021). Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Equisetum myriochaetum and Molecular Docking of Its Main Metabolites (Apigenin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin) on β-Tubulin. Molecules, 26(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020443
28. Patrakar, R., Mansuriya, M., & Patil, P. (2012). Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Laurus nobilis. International journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 1(2), 595‑602.
29. Perez-Rojas, J.M., Kassem, K.M., Beierwaltes, W.H., Garvin, J.L., & Herrera, M. (2010). Nitric oxide produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase promotes diuresis. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 298(4), R1050‑R1055.
30. Salvetti, A., & Ghiadoni, L. (2006). Thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension: An update. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 17(4 suppl 2), S25‑S29.
31. Shnewer Mahdi Al-Turfi, Z., Al-Hadrawy, S.M.J., Abadi Mohammed, J., & Chasib Jabal, B. (2022). Evaluation of the Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Laurus Nobilis Leaves on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidney among Female Wistar Rats Treated with Depakene (Sodium Valproate). Archives of Razi Institute, 77(3), 981‑989. https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2022.357272.2011
32. Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In Methods in Enzymology (Vol. 299, p. 152‑178). Elsevier.
33. Soetan, K.O. (2008). Pharmacological and other beneficial effects of antinutritional factors in plants-A review. African journal of Biotechnology, 7(25).
34. Soussi, M., Fadil, M., Yaagoubi, W.A., Benjelloun, M., & El Ghadraoui, L. (2022). Simultaneous Optimization of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Abilities of Moroccan Pimpinella anisum Extracts Using Mixture Design Methodology. Processes, 10(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122580
35. Taroq, A., Bakour, M., El Atki, Y., El Kamari, F., Aouam, I., & Zahra, F. (2021). Comparative Study of The Effects of Laurus Nobilis and Syzygium Aromaticum Aqueous Extracts on Urine Volume and Renal Function In Rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 12(2), 776‑782.
36. Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., & Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects : An Overview. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 5(3), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093
37. Unuofin, J.O., & Lebelo, S.L. (2020). Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes : An Updated Review. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, e1356893. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1356893
38. Usmani, Q.I., Ahmad, A., & Jamaldeen, F. N. (2021). Laurus nobilis L., (Habb-ul-Ghar), A Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Ethnomedicinal Uses. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5.5021
39. Vos, T., Abajobir, A.A., Abate, K.H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K.M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulkader, R.S., Abdulle, A.M., Abebo, T.A., & Abera, S.F. (2017). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 390(10100), 1211‑1259.
40. Yuan, P., Sun, X., Liu, X., Hutterer, G., Pummer, K., Hager, B., Ye, Z., & Chen, Z. (2021). Kaempferol alleviates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury and crystal deposition via regulation of the AR/NOX2 signaling pathway. Phytomedicine, 86, 153555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153555