Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils and extract of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook

Abstract

In this study, the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Lemon-Scented Eucalyptus) were harvested and collected from Üzümlü neighborhood of Fethiye district of Muğla in 2021. Chemical content analysis of steam distillation and hydrodistillation of essential oils were determined by GC-MS, while phenolic content of methanol extract was determined by HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activities of essential oils and methanol extracts were determined by DPPH radical removal, ABTS cation removal, β-carotene linoleic acid, and CUPRAC activity methods; Anticholinesterase activity against AChE and BChE enzymes was determined by Ellman method; and tyrosinase inhibition associated with melanin hyperpigmentation, α-amylase inhibition, and α-glucosidase inhibition activities associated with diabetes were determined as an in vitro. The bioactivities and chemical contents of E. citriodora species, a great value of, Türkiye, were determined, bringing new natural products to organic chemistry. As a result of the study, new bioactive extracts would be obtained and thus, they can effectively reveal the potential of new business opportunities. Since methanol extract is effective against incurable diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes, it will also be possible to develop therapeutics of such diseases by investigating the advanced chemistry and in vivo activities of the extracts with new projects.

Keywords

• Eucalyptus citriodora
• Antioxidant activity
• HPLC-DAD
• Chemical content

References

1. Ak Sakallı, E., Teralı, K., & Karadağ, A.E., (2022). In vitro and in silico evaluation of ACE2 and LOX inhibitory activity of Eucalyptus essential oils, 1,8-Cineole, and citronellal. Natural Product Communications, 17(6), 1 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X221109409
2. Almeida, I.F., Fernandes, E. Lima, J.L., Valentao, P., Andrade, P.B., Seabra, R.M., Costa, P.C., & Bahia, M.F. (2009). Oxygen and nitrogen reactive species are effectively scavenged by Eucalyptus globulus leaf water extract. Journal of Medicinal Food, 12, 175-183.
3. Al-Sayed, E., Singab, A.-N., Ayoub, N., Martiskainen, O., Sinkkonen, J., & Pihlaja, K. (2012). HPLC–PDA–ESI–MS/MSprofiling and chemopreventive potential of Eucalyptus gomphocephala DC. Food Chemistry, 133, 1017-1024.
4. Ansari, P., Flatt, P.R., Harriott, P., & Abdel-Wahab, Y.H.A. (2021). Insulinotropic and antidiabetic properties of Eucalyptus citriodora leaves and isolation of bioactive phytomolecules. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 73(8), 1049-1061. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgab030
5. Batish, D.R., Singh, H.P., Kohli, R.K., & Kaur, S. (2008). Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide. Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 2166 2174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.08.008
6. Bello, M., Jiddah-kazeem, B., Fatoki, T.H., Ibukun, E.O., & Akinmoladun, A.C. (2021). Antioxidant property of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Extracts and inhibitory activities on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes related to type-2 diabetes. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 36, 102111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102111
7. Benso, B., Lespay-Rebolledo, C., Flores, L., Zárraga, M., & Brauchi, S. (2018). Chalcones derivatives as potent inhibitors of TRPV1 activity. Biophysical Journal, 114(3), 483a. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.2655
8. Brooker, M. I. H., & Kleinig, D. A. (2004). Field guide to Eucalypts (2nd ed.), Vol. 3, Bloomings Books Northern Australia. Melbourne, Australia.

9. Dubey, P. (2023). Chapter 13 - Tea catechins as potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents: possibilities of drug development to promote healthy aging. Plant Bioactives as Natural Panacea Against Age Induced Diseases, 13, 253 269. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90581-7.00017-7
10. Grina, F., Ullah, Z., Kaplaner, E., Moujahid, A., Eddoha, R., & Nasser, B., [xxx], Essamadi, A. (2020). In vitro enzyme inhibitory properties, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical fingerprints of five Moroccan seaweeds. South African Journal of Botany, 128, 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.10.021
11. Gupta, M., Karmakar, N., Sasmal, S., Chowdhury, S., & Biswas, S. (2016). Free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS bleaching assay (αTEAC), DPPH assay and peroxyl radical antioxidant assay. International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 4(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v4i2.6578
12. Habila, N., Agbaji, A.S., Ladan, Z., Bello, I.A., Haruna, E., & Dakare, M.A. (2010). Evaluation of in vitro activity of essential oils against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. Journal of Parasitology Research, 534601(1 5). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/534601
13. İşman, M.B. (2000). Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection, 19, 603-608.
14. Kim, J.S., Kwon, C.S., & Son, K.H. (2000). Inhibition of α-glucosidase and amylase by luteolin, a flavonoid. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 64, 2458 2461. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.64.2458
15. Kohli, R.K., Batish, D., & Singh, H.P. (1998). Eucalypt oils for the control of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Crop Protection, 17, 119 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00095-1
16. Kozłowska, M., Gruczyńska, E., Ścibisz, I., & Rudzińska, M. (2016). Fatty acids and sterols composition, and antioxidant activity of oils extracted from plant seeds. Food Chemistry, 213, 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.102
17. Lee, Y.-S., Kim, J., Shin, S.-C., Lee, S.-G., & Park, I.-K. (2008). Antifungal activity of Myrtaceae essential oils and their components against three phytopathogenic fungi. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1850
18. Lin, Q.-M., Wang, Y., Yu, J.-H., Liu, Y.-L., Wu, X., He, X.-R., & Zhou, Z.-W. (2019). Tyrosinase inhibitors from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Fitoterapia, 139, 104418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104418
19. Maryam, S., Pratama, R., Effendi, N., & Naid, T. (2016). Analisis Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Yodium (Jatropha multifida L.) DENGAN Metode Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC). Journal Fitofarmaka Indonesia, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v2i1.185
20. Santos, S.A.O., Villaverde, J.J., Freire, C.S.R., Domingues, M.R.M., Neto, C.P., & Silvestre, A.J.D. (2012). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus grandis, E. urograndis (E. grandis×E. urophylla) and E. maidenii bark extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 39, 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.003
21. Öztürk, M., Tel, G., Öztürk, F.A., & Duru, M.E. (2014). The cooking effect on two edible mushrooms in Anatolia: fatty acid composition, total bioactive compounds, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Records of Natural Products, 8(2),189-194.
22. Quan, N.V., Xuan, T.D., Tran, H.D., Thuy, N.T.D., Trang, L.T., Huong, C.T., Andriana, Y., & Tuyen, P.T. (2019). Antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and potential constituents of Canarium tramdenum Bark. Molecules, 24, 605 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030605
23. Ramezani, H., Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., Kohli, R.K. (2002). Antifungal activity of the volatile oil of Eucalyptus citriodora. Fitoterapia, 73, 261-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(02)00065-5
24. Ramezani, H., Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R. et al. (2002). Fungicidal effect of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citriodora and its major constituent citrionellal. New Zealand Plant Protection, 55, 57-62. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3900
25. Remmal, A., Achahbar, S., & Bouddine, L. (2013). Oocysticidal effect of essential oil components against chicken Eimeria oocysts. International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 8, 599816. https://doi.org/10.5171/2013.599816
26. Sabiu, S., & Ashafa, A.O.T. (2016). Membrane stabilization and kinetics of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes (α -amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibitory potentials of Eucalyptus obliqua L.Her. (Myrtaceae) Blakely ethanolic leaf extract: An in vitro assessment. South African Journal of Botany, 105, 264–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.04.007
27. Seyoum, A., Killeen, G.F., Kabiru, E.W., Knols, B.G.J., & Hassanali, A. (2003). Field efficacy of thermally expelled or live potted repellent plants against African malaria vectors in western Kenya. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 8, 1005 1011. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-2276.2003.01125.x
28. Silva, J., Abebe, W., Sousa, S.M., Duarte, V.G., Machado, M.I.L., & Matos, F.J.A. (2003). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. Bioresource Technology, 89, 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.007
29. Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., Setia, N., & Kohli, R.K. (2005). Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citriodora against Parthenium hysterophorus. Annals of Applied Biology, 146, 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.04018.x
30. Singh, H.P., Kaur, S., Negi, K., Kumari, S., Saini, V., Batish, D. R., & Kohli, R. K. (2012). Assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon-scented Eucalypt; Myrtaceae) and its major constituents. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 48(2), 237-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.03.019
31. Tokul Ölmez, Ö., Şahin, B., Çakır, C., & Öztürk, M. (2020). Rapid and easy method for simultaneous measurement of widespread 27 compounds in natural products and foods. Journal of Chemical Metrology, 14(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.25135/jcm.38.20.03.1589
32. Truong, V.L., & Jeong, W.S. (2022). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of tea polyphenols in inflammatory bowel diseases. Food Science and Human Wellness, 11(3), 502-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.008
33. Vázquez, G., Santos, J., Freire, M.S., Antorrena, G., & González-Álvarez, J. (2012). Extraction of antioxidants from Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark. Wood Science and Technology, 46, 443-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-011-0418-y