Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin

Dadahon Urmonov; Ikbol Zhalolov; Uchkun Ishimov; Dilmurodjon Turdaliev; Shakhnoz Azimova; Alidjan Ibragimov

doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809024

Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin

Abstract

Limonium otolepis (Schrenk) Kuntze, a member of the Plumbaginaceae family, was investigated for its phenolic composition and antimicrobial activity. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest total phenolic content (123.48 ± 10.04 mg GAE/g extract), followed by ethanol and water extracts. Chromatographic separation of the ethanolic extract led to the isolation of apigenin, reported for the first time in this species. LC–MS analysis of the ethyl acetate subfractions predicted several phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, protocatechuic, syringic acids) and flavonoids (myricetin, hesperetin). Antimicrobial assays at 2 mg/disc concentration revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction displayed the strongest inhibition, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14±0.13 mm), whereas the 60% ethanol fraction was less active and the chloroform fraction showed minimal effects. These results highlight L. otolepis as a potential source of bioactive phenolics, with apigenin as one of the key constituents warranting further pharmacological evaluation.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Dadahon Urmonov ^*
0000-0001-9693-3646
Uzbekistan

Ikbol Zhalolov This is me
0009-0003-3530-5699
Uzbekistan

Uchkun Ishimov This is me
0009-0001-9021-6782
Uzbekistan

Dilmurodjon Turdaliev This is me
0009-0008-0334-8279
Uzbekistan

Shakhnoz Azimova
0000-0003-1803-7728
Uzbekistan

Alidjan Ibragimov This is me
0000-0002-6204-1145
Uzbekistan

Early Pub Date

September 17, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

October 31, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 8, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809024

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA75RR96HC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Urmonov, D., Zhalolov, I., Ishimov, U., Turdaliev, D., Azimova, S., & Ibragimov, A. (2026). Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, Advanced Online Publication, 898-905. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809024

AMA

1.Urmonov D, Zhalolov I, Ishimov U, Turdaliev D, Azimova S, Ibragimov A. Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):898-905. doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809024

Chicago

Urmonov, Dadahon, Ikbol Zhalolov, Uchkun Ishimov, Dilmurodjon Turdaliev, Shakhnoz Azimova, and Alidjan Ibragimov. 2026. “Total Phenolic Content, Antimicrobial Activity, and LC-MS Analysis of Limonium Otolepis With Isolation of Apigenin”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, no. Advanced Online Publication: 898-905. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809024.

EndNote

Urmonov D, Zhalolov I, Ishimov U, Turdaliev D, Azimova S, Ibragimov A (September 1, 2026) Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite Advanced Online Publication 898–905.

IEEE

[1]D. Urmonov, I. Zhalolov, U. Ishimov, D. Turdaliev, S. Azimova, and A. Ibragimov, “Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin”, Int. J. Sec. Metabolite, no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 898–905, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.21448/ijsm.1809024.

ISNAD

Urmonov, Dadahon - Zhalolov, Ikbol - Ishimov, Uchkun - Turdaliev, Dilmurodjon - Azimova, Shakhnoz - Ibragimov, Alidjan. “Total Phenolic Content, Antimicrobial Activity, and LC-MS Analysis of Limonium Otolepis With Isolation of Apigenin”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite. Advanced Online Publication (September 1, 2026): 898-905. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1809024.

JAMA

1.Urmonov D, Zhalolov I, Ishimov U, Turdaliev D, Azimova S, Ibragimov A. Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026;:898–905.

MLA

Urmonov, Dadahon, et al. “Total Phenolic Content, Antimicrobial Activity, and LC-MS Analysis of Limonium Otolepis With Isolation of Apigenin”. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, no. Advanced Online Publication, Sept. 2026, pp. 898-05, doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809024.

Vancouver

1.Dadahon Urmonov, Ikbol Zhalolov, Uchkun Ishimov, Dilmurodjon Turdaliev, Shakhnoz Azimova, Alidjan Ibragimov. Total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and LC-MS analysis of Limonium otolepis with isolation of apigenin. Int. J. Sec. Metabolite. 2026 Sep. 1;(Advanced Online Publication):898-905. doi:10.21448/ijsm.1809024