Assessment of Volatile Oil Composition, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Bay (Laurus nobilis) Leaf and Usage in Cosmetic Applications

Year 2017, , 148 - 161, 01.07.2017

Şeyda Kıvrak Tolga Göktürk , İbrahim Kıvrak

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.323800

Cited By: 14

Abstract

In
this study, the components of the volatile oil obtained from Laurus nobilis leaves by steam
distillation were determined using Agilent 6890 Gas Chromatography (GC) - 5975
Mass Spectrometry (MS). The antioxidant activities of different extracts of L. nobilis leaves were determined by
using DPPH^• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging
activity, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay and ABTS^•+
(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical
decolorization assay. Determination of the total phenolic contents of L. nobilis leaf extracts were performed
using the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure and total flavonoid contents were measured
using a spectrophotometric assay. According to the GC/MS results, 1,8-cineole
(46.16%), alpha-terpinyl acetate
(10.62%), alpha-pinene (6.27%),
terpinen-4-ol (5.07%) and sabinene (4.99%) were found to be the major compounds
in volatile oil. The obtained volatile oil was used to make skin care lotion.
Stability tests and organoleptic analyses of final product were performed after
1, 5, 30 and 90 days of production. The highest amounts of total flavonoid
content were found to be 5.48 ± 0.65 and 8.60 ± 0.12 µg QEs/mg in ethyl acetate
and ethanol extracts, respectively. The highest amounts of total phenolic
compounds were found to be 54.42 ± 0.14 and 25.32 ± 0.10 µg PEs/mg in ethyl
acetate and ethanol extracts, respectively. According to the results of ABTS^•+,
DPPH^• and β-carotene linoleic acid assays, ethyl acetate extract was
found to be the most active extract (24.98±0.87 µg mL^-1, 75.65±0.77
µg mL^-1 and 19.32±1.04 µg mL^-1). 

Keywords

Laurus nobilis, Volatile oil, Antioxidant, Cosmetic, GC/MS

Assessment of Volatile Oil Composition, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Bay (Laurus nobilis) Leaf and Usage in Cosmetic Applications

Abstract

In this study, the components of the volatile oil obtained from Laurus nobilis leaves by steam distillation were determined using Agilent 6890 Gas Chromatography (GC) - 5975 Mass Spectrometry (MS). The antioxidant activities of different extracts of L. nobilis leaves were determined by using DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay and ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical decolorization assay. Determination of the total phenolic contents of L. nobilis leaf extracts were performed using the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure and total flavonoid contents were measured using a spectrophotometric assay. According to the GC/MS results, 1,8-cineole (46.16%), alpha-terpinyl acetate (10.62%), alpha-pinene (6.27%), terpinen-4-ol (5.07%) and sabinene (4.99%) were found to be the major compounds in volatile oil. The obtained volatile oil was used to make skin care lotion. Stability tests and organoleptic analyses of final product were performed after 1, 5, 30 and 90 days of production. The highest amounts of total flavonoid content were found to be 5.48 ± 0.65 and 8.60 ± 0.12 µg QEs/mg in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, respectively. The highest amounts of total phenolic compounds were found to be 54.42 ± 0.14 and 25.32 ± 0.10 µg PEs/mg in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, respectively. According to the results of ABTS•+, DPPH• and β-carotene linoleic acid assays, ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most active extract (24.98±0.87 µg mL-1, 75.65±0.77 µg mL-1 and 19.32±1.04 µg mL-1). 

Keywords

Laurus nobilis, Volatile oil, Antioxidant, Cosmetic, GC/MS

References

• Carvalho I.T., Estevinho B. N., Santos L. (2015) Application of microencapsulated essential oils in cosmetic and personal healthcare products-a review, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38(2): 109-119.
• Do T., Hadji-Minaglou F., Antoniotti S., Fernandez X. (2015) Authenticity of essential oils, Trends in Analytical. Chemistry, 66:146–157.
• Bakkali F., Averbeck S., Averbeck D., Idaomar M. (2008) Biological effects of essential oils - a review, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2): 446–745.
• Sell C. (2010) Chemistry of essential oils. In: Baser K.H.C., Buchbauer G. (Eds.), Handbook of Essential Oils. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
• Ríos J. (2016) Essential Oils: What They Are and How the Terms Are Used and Defined. In: Preedy V.R. (ed.) Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. USA: Academic Press.
• Sonwa M. (2000) Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Essential Oil Constituents. Comparative Study of the Oils of Cyperus alopecuroides, Cyperus papyrus, and Cyperus rotundus, Ph.D. degree, University of Hamburg, Germany.
• Chamorro E.R., Zambón S.N., Morales W.G., Sequeira A.F., Velasco G.A. (2012). Study of the chemical composition of essential oils by gas chromatography. In: Salih B., Çelikbıçak Ö. (Eds.), Gas Chromatography in Plant Science, Wine Technology, Toxicology and Some Specific Applications. Rijeka: InTech.
• Zellner B.A., Dugo P., Dugo G., Mondello L. (2010) Analysis of essential oils. In: Baser K.H.C., Buchbauer G. (Eds.), Handbook of Essential Oils, Science, Technology and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
• Preedy V.R (ed.) (2016) Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. USA: Academic Press.
• Kolar M.H., Urbancic S., Dimitrijevic D. (2009) Nutritional Cosmetics. Burlington: Elsevier.
• Raut J.S., Karuppayil S.M. (2014) A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils, Industrial Crops and Products, 62: 250–264.
• Dall’Acqua S., Viola G., Giorgetti M., Loi M.C., Innocenti G. (2006) Two new sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Laurus nobilis, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 54(8): 1187−1189.
• Sayyah M., Saroukhani G., Peirovi A., Kamalinejad M. (2003) Analgesic and anti- inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn., Phytotherapy Research, 17(7): 733–736.
• Ozcan M., Chalchat J.C. (2005) Effect of different locations on the chemical composition of essential oils of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves growing wild in Turkey, Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(3): 408–411.
• Basak S.S., Candan F. (2013) Effect of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil and its main components on α-glucosidase and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(2): 367–379.
• Sayyah M., Valizadeh J., Kamalinejad M. (2002) Anticonvulsant activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis against pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock-induced seizures, Phytomedicine. 9(3): 212–216.
• Loizzo M.R, Saab A.M., Tundis R., Statti G.A., Menichini F., Lampronti I., Gambari R., Cinatl J., Doerr H.W. (2008) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species, Chemistry and Biodiversity. 5(3): 461-470.
• Ferreira A., Proenca C., Serralheiro M.L.M., Araujo M.E.M. (2006) The in vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from Portugal, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108(1): 31-37.
• Ozcan B., Esen M., Sangun M., Coleri A., Caliskan M. (2010) Effective antibacterial and antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Laurus nobilis seed oil, Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(5): 637-641.
• Corato D.U., Trupo M., Leone G.P., Sanzo D.G., Zingarelli G., Adami M. (2007) Antifungal activity of the leaf extracts of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and olive (Olea europaea L.) obtained by means of supercritical carbon dioxide technique, Journal of Plant Pathology, 89(3): 83-91.
• Hafizoǧlu H., Reunanen M. (1993) Studies on the components of Laurus nobilis from Turkey with special reference to laurel berry fat, European Journal of Lipit Science and Technology, 95(8):304-308.
• Muyima N.Y.O., Zulu G., Bhengu T., Popplewell D. (2002) The potential application of some novel essential oils as natural cosmetic preservatives in a aqueous cream formulation. Flavour Fragrance.Journal, 17(4): 258–266.
• Brand-Williams W., Cuvelier M.E., Berset C. (1995) Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity, LWT Food Sceince and Technology, 28(1): 25-30.
• Kivrak I., Duru M.E., Öztürk M., Mercan N,, Harmandar M., Topçu G. (2009) Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase and antimicrobial constituents from the essential oil and ethanol extract of Salvia potentillifolia, Food Chemistry, 116: 470–479.
• Miller HE (1971) A simplified method for the evaluation of antioxidants, Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 48(2): 91-91.
• Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A., Yang M., Rice-Evans C. (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10): 1231–1237.
• Slinkard K., Singleton V.L. (1977) Total phenol analysis automation and comparison with manual methods, American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1): 49–55.
• Arsic I., Zugic A., Tadic V., Tasic-Kostov M., Misic D., Primorac M., Runjaic-Antic D. (2012) Estimation of dermatological application of creams with St. John’s Wort oil extracts, Molecules, 17: 275-294.
• Heberle G., Dos Santos M.A., Magrı S. (2012) Cosmetıc formulatıons contaınıng blueberry extracts (Vaccınıum Myrtıllus L.), The Online Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1): 1-6.
• Pino J., Borges P., Roncal E. (1993) The chemical composition of laurel leaf oil from various origins, Die Nahrung, 37(6): 592–595.
• Sangun M.K., Aydın E., Timur M., Karadeniz H., Çalışkan M., Özkan A. (2007) Comparison of chemical composition of the essential oil of Laurus nobilis leaves and fruits from different regions of hatay, Turkey, Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(4): 731-733.
• Sellami I.H., Wannes W.A., Bettaieb I., Berrima S., Chahed T., Marzouk B., Limam F. (2011) Qualitative and quantitative changes in the essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. leaves as affected by different drying methods, Food Chemistry, 126(2): 691-697.
• Lira P.D.L., Rettaa D., Tkacik E., Ringuelet J., Coussio J.D., van Baren C., Bandoni A.L. (2009) Essential oil and by-products of distillation of bay leaves (Laurus nobilis L.) From argentina, Industrial Crops and Products, 30(2): 259-264.
• Tanrıverdi H., Özek T., Beis H., Baser K.H.C. (1992) Composition of the essential oil of Turkish laurel leaves and berries. In: Felicitation Volume on the 50th Birthday of Prof. Atta-Ur-Rahman, Hamdard Foundation. Karachi: MAS Printers.
• Riaz M., Ashraf C.M., Chaudhary F.M. (1989) Studies of the essential oil of the Pakistani Laurus nobilis Linn in different seasons, Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 32(1):33–35.
• Fiorini C., Fourasté I., David B., Bessière J. M. (1997) Composition of the Flower, Leaf and Stem Essential Oils from Laurus nobilis, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 12(2): 91–93.
• Yalçın H., Anık M., Şanda M.A., Çakır A. (2007) Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Laurus nobilis Essential Oil Composition of Northern Cyprus, Journal of Medicinal Food, 10(4): 715-719.
• Wei A., Shibamoto T. (2007) Antioxidant activities of essential oil mixtures toward skin lipid squalene oxidized by UV irradiation, Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 26(3): 227-233.
• Lee K.G., Shibamoto T. (2001) Antioxidant activities of volatile components isolated from Eucalyptus species, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(15): 1573–1579.
• Morcia C., Malnati M., Terzi V. (2012) In vitro antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol, eugenol, carvone, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) and thymol against mycotoxigenic plant pathogens, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 29(3): 415-422.
• Conforti F., Statti G., Uzunov D., Menichini F. (2016) Comparative Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Wild and Cultivated Laurus nobilis L. Leaves and Foeniculum vulgare subsp. Piperitum (Ucria) Coutinho Seeds, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29(10): 2056-2064.
• Kaurinovic B., Popovic M., Vlaisavljevic S. (2010) In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Laurus nobilis L. Leaf Extracts, Molecules, 15(5): 3378-3390.
• Dias M.I., Barros L., Dueñas M., Alves R.C., Oliveira M.B.P.P., Santos-Buelga C., Ferreira I.C.F.R. (2014) Nutritional and antioxidant contributions of Laurus nobilis L. leaves: Would be more suitable a wild or a cultivated sample?, Food Chemistry, 156(1): 339-346.
• Ferreira A., Proenc C., Serralheiro M.L.M., Araujo M.E.M. (2006) The in vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from Portugal, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108(1): 31–37.
• Aydın Ç., Özay C., Düşen O., Mammadov R., Orhan F. (2017) Total Phenolics, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity Studies of Ethanolic Extracts Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. and Dracunculus vulgaris Schott, International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(2): 114-122.
• Kıvrak I. (2015) Analytical Methods Applied to Assess Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value and In Vitro Bioactivities of Terfezia olbiensis and Terfezia claveryi from Turkey, Food Analytical Methods, 8(5): 1279–1293.
• Mammadov R., Ili P., Düşen O. (2012) Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Muscari parviflorum Desf., Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 34(3): 651-655.