The Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capacities of Phenolic Profiles of Some Salvia L. Seeds Grown in Turkey

Abstract

The aim of current study is to show phenolics, antioxidant capacities and antimicrobial activities of seeds of five Salvia L. (S. frigida Boiss., S. candidissima subsp. candidissima Vahl., S. virgata Jacq., S. verticillata L. var. verticillata and S. russellii Benth.) taxa grown in Turkey. The flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were measured by using HPLC whilst the antioxidant capacities were determined by using different methods. In addition, agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of Salvia species in this study. It was found that S. frigida, S. verticillata var. verticillata and S. russellii have the highest catechin contents and S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high rosmarinic acid while S. frigida, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high vanilic acid. Also, it was determined that S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high DPPH radical scavenging activities in 150 and 250 µL while S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have highest ABTS radical scavenging activity in all concentrations apart from 25 µL for S. frigida. Furthermore, S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high total phenolic contents. On the other hand, Salvia species have similar lipid peroxidation inhibitions. However, the metal chelating activities of Salvia species are different. And also, it was demonstrated that Salvia taxa have antimicrobial activity.

Keywords

• Antimicrobial activity
• Antioxidant capacity
• Flavonoids
• Phenolic acids
• Salvia L.

References

1. Akin, M., Oguz, D., & Saracoglu, H.T. (2010). Antibacterial effects of some plant extracts from Labiatae (Lamiaceae) growing naturally around Şırnak-Silopi, Turkey. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences, 1 (1), 4-47.
2. Alcantaraa, M.A., Polaria, I.L.B., Meirelesa, B.R.L.A., Limab, A.E.A., Junior, J.C.S., Vieiraa, E.A., Santos, N.A., Tribuzy, A.M. & Cordeiro, M.C. (2019). Effect of the solvent composition on the profile of phenolic compounds extracted from chia seeds. Food Chemistry, 275, 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.133
3. Asadi, S., Ahmadiani, A., Esmaeili, M.A., Sonboli, A., Ansari, N., & Khodagholi, F. (2010). In vitro antioxidant activities and an investigation of neuroprotection by six Salvia species from Iran: A comparative study. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 1341–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.035
4. Bayar, Y., & Genc, N. (2016). The determination of total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca. Journal of Nevsehir Science and Technology, 5(2), 158-166. (in Turkish). http://dx.doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.284739
5. Bayar, Y., & Genc, N. (2018). Determination of the chemical components, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oil and plant extract of Salvia candidissima Vahl., Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 31(2), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.362163
6. Cetin, H., Cinbilgel, I., Yanikoglu, A., & Gokceoglu, M. (2006). Larvicidal activity of some Labiatae (Lamiaceae) plant extracts from Turkey. Phytotherapy Research, 20, 1088 –1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2004
7. Collins, C.M., & Lyne, P.M. (1987). Microbiological methods buttermorths & co (Publishers) Ltd. London 450 pp.
8. Dinis, T.C.P., Madeira, V.M.C., & Almeida, M.L.M. (1994). Action of phenolic derivates (acetoaminophen, salycilate and 5-aminosalycilate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives Biochemistry Biophysics, 315, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1994.1485

9. Dent, M., Kovacevic, D.B., Bosiljkov, T., & Dragovic-Uzelac, V. (2017). Polyphenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of indigenous wild dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Croatica Chemica Acta, 90(3), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.5562/cca3231
10. Dincer, C., Topuz, A., Sahin-Nadeem, H., Ozdemir, K.S., Cam, I.B., Tontul, I., Gokturk, R.S., & Ay, S.T. (2012). A comparative study on phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and essential oil content of wild and cultivated sage (Salvia fructicosa Miller) as influenced by storage. Industrial Crops and Products, 39, 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.032
11. Dorman, H.J., Bachmayer, O., Kosar, M., & Hiltunen, R. (2004). Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae species grown in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 762−770. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034908v
12. Fotovvat, M., Radjabian & T., Saboora, A. (2019). HPLC fingerprint of important phenolic compounds in some Salvia L. species from Iran. Records of Natural Products, 1, 37-49. http://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.72.18.02.228
13. Gregorczyk-Karolak, I., & Kiss, A.K. (2018). Determination of the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of Salvia viridis L. shoots: A comparison of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts. Molecules, 23, 1468, 1 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061468
14. Hamrouni-Sellami, I., Rahali, F.Z., Rebey, I.B., Bourgou, S., Limam, F., & Marzouk, B. (2013). Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants as affected by different drying methods. Food Bioprocess Technology, 6, 806–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0877-7
15. Hossain, M.B., Barry-Ryan, C., Martin-Diana, A.B., & Brunton, N.P. (2010). Effect of drying method on the antioxidant capacity of six Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chemistry, 123, 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.003
16. Jasicka-Misiak, I., Poliwoda, A., Petecka, M., Buslovych, O., Shlyapnikov, V.A., & Wieczorek, P.P. (2018). Antioxidant phenolic compounds in Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia sclarea L. Ecological Chemistry Engeneering Society, 25(1), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0009
17. Jeshvaghani, Z.A., Rahimmalek, M., Talebi, M., & Goli, S.A.H. (2015). Comparison of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in different Salvia species using three model systems. Industrial Crops and Products, 77, 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.005
18. Kahraman, A., Celep, F., & Dogan, M. (2009). A new record for the flora of Turkey: Salvia viscosa Jacq. (Labiatae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 33, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0806-3
19. Kahraman, A., Büyükkartal, H.N., & Doğan, M. (2018). Pericarp ultrastructure of Salvia section hemisphace (Mentheae; Nepetoideae; Lamiaceae). Commagene Journal of Biology, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.397144
20. Kan, Y., Gokbulut, A., Kartal, M., Konuklugil, B., & Yilmaz, G. (2007). Development and validation of a LC method for the analysis of phenolic acids in Turkish Salvia species. Chromatographia Supplement, 66, 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-007-0278-7
21. Katanic-Stankovica, J.S., Sreckovic, N., Mišićc, N., Gašićc, U., Imbimboe, P., Montie, D.M., & Mihaliovic, V. (2020). Bioactivity, biocompatibility and phytochemical assessment of lilac sage, Salvia verticillata L. (Lamiaceae)- A plant rich in rosmarinic acid. Industiral Crops & Products, 143, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111932
22. Keser, S., Demir, E., & Yilmaz, O. (2014). Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the almond kernel (Prunus dulcis Mill.) from Turkey. Journal of Chemical Society of Pakistan, 36 (3), 534-541.
23. Khaled-Khodjaa, N., Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L., & Madani, K. (2014). Phytochemical screening of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of some Lamiaceae. Industrial Crops and Products, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.037
24. Kupeli Akkol, E., Goger, F., Kosar, M., & Baser, K.H.C. (2008). Phenolic composition and biological activities of Salvia halophila and Salvia virgata from Turkey. Food Chemistry, 108, 942–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.071
25. Kunduhoglu, B., Kurkcuoglu, M., Duru, M.E., & Baser K.H.C. (2011). Antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities of the essential oils isolated from Salvia dicroantha Stapf., Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn and Bornm.) Bornm.and Salvia wiedemannii Boiss. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(29), 6484-6490. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.220.
26. Liyana-Pathiranan, C.M. & Shahidi F. (2005). Antioxidant activity of commercial soft and hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by gastric pH conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 2433–2440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049320i
27. Lopresti, A.L. (2017). Salvia (sage): A review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects. Drugs R & D, 17, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-016-0157-5x
28. Orhan, I., Kartal, M., Naz, O., Ejaz, A., Yilmaz, G., Kan, Y., Konuklugil, B., Sener, B., & Choudhary M.I. (2007). Antioxidant and anticholinesterase evaluation of selected Turkish Salvia species. Food Chemistry, 103, 1247 1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.030
29. Orhan, I.E., Senol, F.S., Ercetin, T., Kahraman, A., Celep, F., Akaydin, G., Sener, B., & Dogan, M. (2013). Assessment of anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of selected sage (Salvia) species with their total phenol and flavonoid contents. Industrial Crops and Products, 41, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.002
30. Ree, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
31. Robya, H.H., Sarhana, M.A., Selima, K.A., & Khalel, K.I. (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 827–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.029
32. Seker Karatoprak, G., Ilgun, S., & Koşar M. (2016). Antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of Salvia virgata Jacq. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(2), 201-212.
33. Senol, F.S., Orhan, I., Celep, F., Kahraman, A., Dogan, M., Yilmaz, G., & Sener, B. (2010). Survey of 55 Turkish Salvia taxa for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry, 120, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.066
34. Shekarchi, M., Hajimehdipoor, H., Saeidnia, S., Gohari, A.R. & Hamedani, M.P. (2012). Comparative study of rosmarinic acid content in some plants of Labiatae family. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 8, 37 41. http://www.phcog.com/text.asp?2012/8/29/37/93316
35. Shimoi, K., Masuda, S., Furugoru, M., Esaki, S., & Kinae, N. (1994). Radioprotective effect of antioxidative flavonoids in X-ray irradiated mice. Carcinogenesis, 15, 2669-2672. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/15.11.2669
36. Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 152–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
37. Skendi, A., Irakli, M., & Chatzopoulou, P. (2017). Analysis of phenolic compounds in Greek plants of Lamiaceae family by HPLC. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 62, 696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.02.001
38. Skotti, E., Anastasaki, E., Kanello, G., Polissiou, M., & Tarantilis, P.A. (2014). Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and toxicity of aqueous extracts from selected Greek medicinal and aromatic plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.013
39. Tepe B, Eminagaoglu, E., Akpulat, H.A., & Aydin, E. (2007). Antioxidant potentials and rosmarinic acid levels of the methanolic extracts of Salvia verticillata (L.) subsp. verticillata and S. verticillata (L.) subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) Bornm. Food Chemistry, 100, 985–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.062
40. Tepe, B. (2008). Antioxidant potentials and rosmarinic acid levels of the methanolic extracts of Salvia virgata (Jacq), Salvia staminea (Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham) and Salvia verbenaca (L.) from Turkey. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1584–1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.008
41. Tosun, M., Ercisli, S., Sengul, M., Ozer, H., Polat, T., & Ozturk, E. (2009). Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of eight Salvia species from Turkey. Biological Research, 42, 175-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-97602009000200005
42. Vergine, M., Nicoli, F., Negro, C., Luvisi, A., Nutricati, E., Accogli, R.A., Sabella E., & Miceli, A. (2019). Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of Salvia species from southern Italy. Records of Natural Products, 13(3), 205-215. http://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.96.18.07.119
43. Yumrutas, O., Sokmen, A., & Ozturk, N. (2011). Determination of in vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of different extracts of Salvia verticillata ssp. verticillata and spp. amasiaca from Turkey’s flora. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 01 (10), 43-46.
44. Zengin, G., Llorent-Martinez, E., Fernandez-de Cordova, M.L., Bahadori, M.B., Mocan, A., Locatelli, M., & Aktumsek A. (2018). Chemical composition and biological activities of extracts from three Salvia species: S. blepharochlaena, S. euphratica var. leiocalycina, and S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca. Industrial Crops & Products, 111, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.065
45. Zu, Y.G., Li, C.Y., Fu, Y.J., & Zhao, C.J. (2006). Simultaneous determination of catechin, rutin, quercetin kaempferol and isorhamnetin in the extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves by RP-HPLC with DAD. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 714–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.052