Macro-Micro Element Variation in Traditionally Grown Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) and Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank)

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 227 - 245, 10.09.2021

Nusret Zencirci , Fatma Pehlivan Karakaş , Bülent Ordu

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.778596

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum and emmer wheat (T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schubl.), disease and insect resistant, macro and microelement rich, and high quality are still grown in Turkey highlands (1000-1400 m). In this study, plant and soil samples were sampled for macro and micro elements and quality where appropriate. Nine traditional einkorn and emmer wheat farms soils were sampled in Bolu, Kastamonu, Karabük, Sinop, and Samsun provinces in the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. Plants were sampled during July-August 2016. Methods applied according to the literature. Except for crude ash and copper in grains and the total salt and EC in soils, characters significantly differed. Grain wise, Population-4 had the highest P, K, Cu, Fe, and Mn; Kunduru-1149 had the highest 1000-grain weight, crude protein, energy, raw cellulose, and hectolitre; Population-8 had the highest energy, crude oil, carbohydrate, and starch. Soil wise, Population-5 had the highest Cu, Ca, and Mg; Population-8 had the highest N, Fe, and Mn; Population-2 had the highest N and Zn, CaCO₃, active lime, EC, K₂O, organic matter, P₂O₅, and salt. Correlations among grains were highly significant for N-Cu, P-Mn, P-K, carbohydrate-starch, energy-starch, and energy-carbohydrate. Correlations among soil samples were highly significant between Fe-Mn, total N-Mn, CaCO₃-active lime, saturation-salt, organic matter-P₂O, CaCO₃-K₂O, and active lime-K₂O. In conclusion, there was a wide variation in traditionally grown einkorn and emmer grain and soils in the Western Black Sea Region.

Keywords

Crop Nutritions, Hulled Wheat, In Situ Conservation, Western Black of Sea

Supporting Institution

Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University

Project Number

2016.03.01

Macro-Micro Element Variation in Traditionally Grown Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) and Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank)

Abstract

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum and emmer wheat (T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schubl.), disease and insect resistant, macro and microelement rich, and high quality are still grown in Turkey highlands (1000-1400 m). In this study, plant and soil samples were sampled for macro and micro elements and quality where appropriate. Nine traditional einkorn and emmer wheat farms soils were sampled in Bolu, Kastamonu, Karabük, Sinop, and Samsun provinces in the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. Plants were sampled during July-August 2016. Methods applied according to the literature. Except for crude ash and copper in grains and the total salt and EC in soils, characters significantly differed. Grain wise, Population-4 had the highest P, K, Cu, Fe, and Mn; Kunduru-1149 had the highest 1000-grain weight, crude protein, energy, raw cellulose, and hectolitre; Population-8 had the highest energy, crude oil, carbohydrate, and starch. Soil wise, Population-5 had the highest Cu, Ca, and Mg; Population-8 had the highest N, Fe, and Mn; Population-2 had the highest N and Zn, CaCO₃, active lime, EC, K₂O, organic matter, P₂O₅, and salt. Correlations among grains were highly significant for N-Cu, P-Mn, P-K, carbohydrate-starch, energy-starch, and energy-carbohydrate. Correlations among soil samples were highly significant between Fe-Mn, total N-Mn, CaCO₃-active lime, saturation-salt, organic matter-P₂O, CaCO₃-K₂O, and active lime-K₂O. In conclusion, there was a wide variation in traditionally grown einkorn and emmer grain and soils in the Western Black Sea Region.

Keywords

Crop Nutrition, Hulled Wheat, In Situ Conservation, Western Black Sea

Project Number

2016.03.01

References

• Allison, L. E. (1965). Organic Carbon. In: Black C.A., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis, ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, 1367-1389.
• Anonymous, (1993). Nordisk Metodik komité for Næringsmidler Nordic Committee on Food Analysis.
• Anonymous, (1998). Nordisk Metodikkomité for Næringsmidler Nordic Committee on Food Analysis.
• Anonymous, (2009). ISO 7971-3: 2009 (en): Cereals - Determination of bulk density, called mass per hectolitre - Part 3: Routine method.
• Anonymous, (2010). AACC Approved Methods of Analysis. 11th Edition American Association of Cereal Chemist (AACC) St. Paul, MN USA ISBN 978-1-891127-68-2.
• Anonymous, (2013). Ministry of Education Food Technology in Food Ham Fiber Type, Ankara.
• Anonymous, (2016). Ministry of Education Laboratory Services Cereal Analysis, Ankara.
• Arzani, A., & Ashraf, M. (2017). Cultivated ancient wheats (Triticum spp.): A potential source of health-beneficial food products. Comparative Review of Food Science and Food Safety, 16, 477-488.
• Ayyıldız, M. (1983). Sulama Suyu Kalitesi ve Tuzluluk Problemleri [Irrigation Water Quality and Salinity Problems] A.Ü Ziraat Fak Yayınları, Yayın No: 879 Ders kitabı, 344 Ankara.
• Berger, K. C., & Troug, E. (1939). Boron determination in soils and plants. Industrial Engineering Chemistry and Analytical Edition, 11, 540-545.
• Black, C. A. (1965). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Inc, Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• Bower, C. A., Wilcox, L. V. (1965). Soluble Salts. CA Black Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Inc, Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• Çağlar, K. Ö. (1949). Toprak Bilgisi [Soil]. A.Ü. Yayın No 10.
• Carson, P. L. (1980). Recommended potassium test. In: Recommended chemical soil test procedures for the North Central Region. Revised Edition, North Central Regional Publication No.221. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Publication, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA.
• Chapman, H. D., & Pratt, P. F. (1961). Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters. University of California, Los Angeles, 60-61, 150-179.
• Cummins, A. G., & Roberts-Thomson, I. C. (2009). Prevalence of celiac disease in the Asia Pacific Region. Gastroenterology Hepatitis, 24, 1347-1351.
• Doll, E.C., Lucas, R.E., 1973. Testing soils for potassium, calcium and magnesium. In: Walsh, L.M., Beaton, J.D. (Eds.), Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, 3rd Edition. SSSA Book Ser. 3 SSSA Madison, WI.
• Drouineau, G. (1942). Dosage rapide du calcaireactif des sols. Nouvelles donn6es sur la r6o6tition et la nature des fractions calcaires. Annals of Agronomy, 2, 441-450.
• Dubcovsky, J., & Dvorak, J. (2007). Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Science, 316, 1862-1866.
• Emmanuel-Ikpeme, C., Orim, P. H., & Okirii A. 2014. Comparative evaluation of the nutritional, phytochemical and microbiological quality of three pepper varieties. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2(3), 74-80.
• Follet, R. H. &Lindsay, W.L. (1970). Profile distribution of zinc, iron, manganese and copper in Coloradosoil. Colorado Experiment State Bulletin, 110, 79.
• Giuliani, A., Karagöz, A., & Zencirci, N. (2009). Emmer (Triticum dicoccon) production and market potential in marginal mountainous areas of Turkey. Mountain Research Development, 29, 220-229.
• Hanway, J. J. (1968). Standart Laboratory Methods for Soil, Plant, Fertilizer. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna.
• Heun, M., Sch€afer-Pregl, R., Klawan, D., Castagna, R., Accerbi, M., Borghi, B., & Salamini, F. (1997). Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Science, 278, 1312-1314.
• Hindistan, M., & İnceoğlu, İ. (1962). Toprakta pH Tayini [Ph Determination in Soil]. Ministry of Agriculture, Soil-Water Institure, Publication, No: 10.
• Horwitz, W. (1955). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Washington DC, USA.
• Jackson, M. L. (1958). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc Englewood Cliffs N.J.
• Kan, M., Küçükçongar, M., Keser, M., Morgounov, A., Muminjanov, H., Özdemir, F., & Qualset, C. (2015). Wheat Landraces in Farmers’ Fields in Turkey National Survey, Collection and Conservation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Ankara 1-157.
• Karagöz, A. (1996). Agronomic Practices and Socioeconomic Aspects of Emmer and Einkorn Cultivation in Turkey. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J, editors. Hulled Wheat. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats. Rome Italy: IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) pp. 172-177.
• Lachman, J., Miholova, D., Pivec, V., Jiru, K., & Janovska, D. (2011). Content of phenolic antioxidants and selenium in grain of einkorn (Triticum monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties. Plant Soil Environment, 57, 235-243.
• Mclean, E. O. (1973). Testing Soils for pH and Lime Requirement. Walsh, L.M., J.D., Beaton (Ed.) Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. Soil Sci Soc Amer Inc, Madicon Wisconsin, USA.
• Nesbitt, M. (1995). Plants and People in Ancient Anatolia. Bibliographical Archives, 58, 68-81.
• Nesbitt, M., & Samuel, D. (1996). From Staple Crop to Extinction? The Archaeology and History of the Hulled Wheats. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (Eds) Hulled wheats. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats, 21-22 July 1995, Castelvecchio Pascoli Italy. IPGRI Rome pp 41-100.
• Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Circular, Vol 939 (p. 19). US Department of Agriculture.
• Özbek, N., & Aydeniz, A. (1967). Toprak Verimliliği Alanındaki Laboratuvar Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Alet ve Malzemeye ait Laboratuvar El Kitabı [Handbook on Equipment and Devices Utilized in Soil Fertility Laboratuary]. Ankara University Agricultural Faculty Publications, No: 301.
• Özkan, H., Willcox, G., Graner, A., Salamini, F., & Kilian, B. (2010). Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 58, 11-53.
• Öztan, B., & Munsuz, G. (1961). Saturasyon Macunu ve Yüzde Saturasyon [Saturation Paste Percent Saturation]. Toprak Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü, Technical Publications No: 6, Ankara.
• Öztan, B., & Ülgen, H. (1961). Saturasyon Macununda ve Ekstraktında Tuz Tayinleri [Salt Determination in Saturation Paste and Extact]. Toprak Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü, Technical Publications No:7, Ankara.
• Peech, M. (1965). Hydrogen-Ion Activity. CA Black (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Amer Soc Agr Inc, Madison Wisconsin, USA.
• Pekcan, G., & Köksal, E. (2006). Vitamin ve mineral alım düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesinde diyet referans değerleri [Diet Referans Values in Evaluation of Vitamin and Mineral Intake]. Türkiye Klinikleri [Turkey Clinics]. Pediatry Science, 2, 8-1.
• Peng, J. H., Sun, D., & Nevo, E. (2011a). Will emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, occupies a pivotal position in wheat domestication process. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(9), 1127-1143.
• Peng, J. H., Sun, D., & Nevo, E. (2011b). Domestication, evaluation, genetics and genomics in wheat. Molecular Breeding, 28, 281-301.
• Pomeranz, Y. (1971). Wheat Chemistry and Technology. AA Cereal Chem, St. Paul Minnesota, USA 10742.
• Pratt, P. F. (1965). Potassium. CA Black. Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agricultue Inc, Publisher Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. USDA Agriculture Handbook No: 60.
• Rossi, A. M., Villarreal, M., Juárez, M.D., & Sammán, N. C. (2004). Nitrogen contents in food: a comparison between the Kjeldahl and Hach methods. Anales de la Asociación Química Argentina, 92, 99-108.
• Shewry, P. R. (2009). Wheat. Experimental Botany, 60, 1537-1553.
• Suchowilska, E., Wiwart, M., Kandler, W., & Krska R. (2012). A Comparison of macro- and microelement concentrations in the whole grain of four Triticum species. Plant Soil Environment, 58, 141-147.
• Szabo, A. T., & Hammer, K. (1996). Notes on the taxonomy of Farro: Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccon, and T. spelta. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (Eds) Hulled wheats. Proceedings of the first international workshop on hulled wheats 21-22 July 1995 Castelvecchio Pascoli Italy IPGRI Rome pp 2-40.
• Ülgen, N., & Ateşalp, M. (1972). Toprakta Total Azot Tayini [Nitrogen Determination in Soil]. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Yayınlar Serisi: 22 Ankara.
• Viets, F. G. (1962). Chemistry and availability of micronutrients. Agricultural Food Chemistry, 10, 174.
• Walkley, A. (1946). A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils. Soil Science, 63, 251-263.
• Zohary, D., & Hopf, M. (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World. 3rdedn 316 pp Oxford University Press.