Antioxidant activity of Brown Seaweed Sargassum sp. extract from Tanjung Tinggi Beach, Belitung Island

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 561 - 571, 04.09.2025

Sabri Sudirman , Andreas Al Faragih Dwi Putra Herpandi Herpandi Indah Widiastuti Susi Lestari Sherly Ridhowati , Miftahul Janna

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1588401

Abstract

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and the body's ability to counteract them with antioxidants. Antioxidants are compounds that help neutralize or prevent the formation of free radicals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different extraction solvents (70% ethanol, 70% acetone, and aquadest) on the polyphenol content of Sargassum sp., harvested from Tanjung Tinggi Beach (Belitung Island, Indonesia), and to determine its antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The results showed that distilled water (aquadest) extraction yielded the highest total phenolic (7.32 mg GAE/g) and tannin (10.47 mg TAE/g) contents, while 70% ethanol extraction resulted in the highest total flavonoid content (6.40 mg QE/g). Fourier transform infrared analysis detected hydroxyl groups, indicating the presence of polyphenol compounds in the Sargassum extract. Furthermore, the aquadest extract exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (43.65%) compared to other solvents. These findings indicate that Sargassum extract may act as a natural antioxidant and holds potential for use as a pharmaceutical agent.

Keywords

Antioxidant , Flavonoid , Polyphenol , Sargassum , Seaweed

Supporting Institution

Indonesia Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology Project, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology

Project Number

090/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024

References

• Andrés, C.M.C., Pérez de la Lastra, J.M., Juan, C.A., Plou, F.J., & Pérez-Lebeña, E. (2023). Polyphenols as antioxidant/pro-oxidant compounds and donors of reducing species: relationship with human antioxidant metabolism. Processes, 11(9), 2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092771
• Balaky, H.H., KhalİD, K., Hasan, A., TahİR, S., Ubur, S., & KhedİR, A. (2021). Estimation of total tannin and total phenolic content in plant (Crataegus azarolus L) by orbital shaker technique. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.1.1
• Bambang, B.S., Kumalaningsih, S., Susinggih, W., & Hardoko. (2013). Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of crude extract from Brown Algae by various solvents. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine, 3(6), 439-443.
• Baron, G., Ferrario, G., Marinello, C., Carini, M., Morazzoni, P., & Aldini, G. (2021). Effect of extraction solvent and temperature on polyphenol profiles, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Red Grape Skin by product. Molecules, 26(18), 5454. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185454
• Bhateja, P.K., Kajal, A., & Singh, R. (2020). Amelioration of Diabetes mellitus by modulation of GLP-1 via targeting alpha-glucosidase using Acacia tortilis polysaccharide in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 11(4), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2019.06.003
• Catarino, M.D., Silva-Reis, R., Chouh, A., Silva, S., Braga, S.S., Silva, A.M.S., & Cardoso, S.M. (2023). Applications of antioxidant secondary metabolites of Sargassum spp. Marine Drugs, 21(3), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21030172
• Chandra, S., Khan, S., Avula, B., Lata, H., Yang, M.H., Elsohly, M.A., & Khan, I.A. (2014). Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and yield of aeroponically and conventionally grown leafy vegetables and fruit crops: a comparative study. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 253875. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/253875
• Das, D., Arulkumar, A., Paramasivam, S., Lopez-Santamarina, A., del Carmen Mondragon, A., & Miranda Lopez, J.M. (2023). Phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial properties and bioactivity of Marine Red Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and Seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata). Foods, 12(14), 2811. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12142811
• Farasat, M., Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Nabavi, S.M., & Namjooyan, F. (2014, Winter). Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoid contents of some Edible Green Seaweeds from Northern Coasts of the Persian Gulf. Iran J Pharm Res., 13(1), 163 170. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24734068
• Fauzi, A., Lamma, S., & Ruslin, M. (2018). Total tannin levels analysis of brown algae (sargassum sp and padina sp) to prevent blood loss in a surgery. Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v3i1.621
• Gao, N., Si, X., Han, W., Gong, E., Shu, C., Tian, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, B., & Li, B. (2023). The contribution of different polyphenol compositions from chokeberry produced in China to cellular antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Food Science and Human Wellness, 12(5), 1590-1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.018
• Herpandi, Lestari, S.D., Bastian, & Sudirman, S. (2021). Antioxidant activity of the fractions from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) extract. Food Research, 5(2), 451 455. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).578
• Hwang, E.-S., & Thi, D.N. (2014). Effects of Extraction and Processing Methods on Antioxidant Compound Contents and Radical Scavenging Activities of Laver (Porphyra tenera). Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 19(1), 40 48. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2014.19.1.040
• Ismail, G.A., Gheda, S.F., Abo-Shady, A.M., & Abdel-Karim, O.H. (2020). In vitro potential activity of some seaweeds as antioxidants and inhibitors of diabetic enzymes. Food Science and Technology, 40(3), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.15619
• Ismail, M.M., El Zokm, G.M., & Miranda Lopez, J.M. (2023). Nutritional, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant activity of brown seaweeds from the Red Sea. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1210934
• Jin, J.-O., Zhang, W., Du, J.-Y., Wong, K.-W., Oda, T., & Yu, Q. (2014). Fucoidan Can function as an adjuvant in vivo to enhance dendritic cell maturation and function and promote antigen specific t cell immune responses. Plos One, 9(6), e99396. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099396
• Kumar, Y., Tarafdar, A., Badgujar, P.C., & El-Sohaimy, S. (2021). Seaweed as a source of natural antioxidants: Therapeutic activity and food applications. Journal of Food Quality, 2021, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5753391
• Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118 126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
• Lourenço, S.C., Moldão-Martins, M., & Alves, V.D. (2019). Antioxidants of natural plant origins: From sources to food industry applications. Molecules, 24(22), 4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224132
• Mehdinezhad, N., Ghannadi, A., & Yegdaneh, A. (2016). Phytochemical and biological evaluation of some Sargassum species from Persian Gulf. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(3), 243-249.
• Mohammed, E.A., Abdalla, I.G., Alfawaz, M.A., Mohammed, M.A., Al Maiman, S.A., Osman, M.A., Yagoub, A.E.A., & Hassan, A.B. (2022). Effects of extraction solvents on the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity in the aerial part of root vegetables. Agriculture, 12(11), 1820. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111820
• Nandiyanto, A.B.D., Oktiani, R., & Ragadhita, R. (2019). How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
• Prajapati, A.B., & Parmar, R. (2024). "Ftir analysis of natural herbal preservative Lavanga (clove 1%, 2% oil and powder 1%, 2%) under freezer conditions". African Journal of Biomedical Research, 4376-4385. https://doi.org/10.53555/AJBR.v27i3S.3166
• Rad, M.S., Anil Kumar, N.V., Zucca, P., Varoni, E.M., Dini, L., Panzarini, E., Rajkovic, J., Tsouh Fokou, P.V., Azzini, E., Peluso, I., Prakash Mishra, A., Nigam, M., El Rayess, Y., Beyrouthy, M.E., Polito, L., Iriti, M., Martins, N., Martorell, M., Docea, A.O., Setzer, W. N., Calina, D., Cho, W.C., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2020). Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Frontiers in Physiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00694
• Sadeghi, A., Rajabiyan, A., Nabizade, N., Meygoli Nezhad, N., & Zarei-Ahmady, A. (2024). Seaweed-derived phenolic compounds as diverse bioactive molecules: A review on identification, application, extraction and purification strategies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 266, 131147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131147
• Sadowska, U., Armenta Villavicencio, R., Dziadek, K., Skoczylas, J., Sadowski, S.K., & Kopeć, A. (2024). The identification of polyphenolic compounds and the determination of antioxidant activity in extracts and infusions of Peppermint, Lemon Balm and Lavender. Applied Sciences, 14(2), 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020699
• Subbiah, V., Ebrahimi, F., Agar, O.T., Dunshea, F.R., Barrow, C.J., & Suleria, H.A.R. (2023). comparative study on the effect of phenolics and their antioxidant potential of freeze-dried Australian Beach-Cast Seaweed species upon different extraction methodologies. Pharmaceuticals, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050773
• Sudirman, S., Herpandi, Rinto, Lestari, S., Harma, M., & Aprilia, C. (2024). Effects of extraction temperature on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leaf extract. Food Research, 8(1), 136-139. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(1).113
• Sudirman, S., Herpandi, Safitri, E., Apriani, E.F., & Taqwa, F.H. (2022). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leave extracts. Food Research, 6(4), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(4).484
• Sudirman, S., Wardana, A.K., Herpandi, Widiastuti, I., Sari, D.I., & Janna, M. (2024). Antioxidant activity of polyphenol compounds extracted from Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans) fruit husk with different ethanol concentrations. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 11(2), 355-363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1360736
• Uddin, N., Muhammad, N., Nisar, M., Aisha, Ali, N., Ullah, R., Ali, E.A., Khan, A.A., Rahman, I.U., Khan, A., & Zeb, A. (2022). Distribution of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, and free amino acids in Ziziphus fruits extract; a study for determining the influence of wider geography. Food Science & Nutrition, 10(5), 1414 1430. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2726
• Vergun, O., Svydenko, L., Sedlačková, V.H., Shymanska, O., Ivanišová, E., Hlushchenko, L., & Brindza, J. (2024). Accumulation of total content of polyphenol compounds and antioxidant activity of Echinacea Moench species. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 8(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.15414/ainhlq.2024.0006
• Widyartini, D.S., Widodo, P., & Susanto, A.B. (2017). Thallus variation of Sargassum polycystum from Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 18(3), 1004-1011. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180319
• Wongsa, P., Phatikulrungsun, P., & Prathumthong, S. (2022). FT-IR characteristics, phenolic profiles and inhibitory potential against digestive enzymes of 25 herbal infusions. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10669-z
• Wu, Y., Gao, H., Wang, Y., Peng, Z., Guo, Z., Ma, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, M., Wu, Q., Xiao, J., & Zhong, Q. (2022). Effects of different extraction methods on contents, profiles, and antioxidant abilities of free and bound phenolics of Sargassum polycystum from the South China Sea. Journal of Food Science, 87(3), 968-981. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16051
• Xu, D.-P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.-J., & Li, H.-B. (2017). Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
• Zhang, Q.-W., Lin, L.-G., & Ye, W.-C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine, 13(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x