Research Article
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Attractiveness of the city, psychological and social capital: Never-ending migration from rural settlements to urban centers in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 151 - 161, 30.04.2021

Şerafettin Keleş

https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.846777
https://izlik.org/JA46TR57MC

Abstract

There is a continuous act of inward migration from rural settlements to urban centers. The attractiveness of the city and the repulsion of the countryside are cited as the reasons for internal migration. This study empirically investigates the attractiveness of the city, which encourages rural migration, and the effect of psychological and social capital on the attractiveness of the city. The cross-sectional data of the study was formed by the face-to-face survey of 280 individuals who live in the rural area of Erzincan and want to migrate to city centers. In the analyzes made with the Structural Equation Modeling, it has been determined that there is a linear relationship between the attractiveness of the city, which encourages rural migration, and positive psychological capital, bonding social capital and bridging social capital.

Keywords

Immigration Attractiveness of the City Positive Psychological Capital Bonding Social Capital Bridging Social Capital

References

  • Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of management review, 27(1), 17-40.
  • Balcıoğlu, I. (2007). Migration in social and psychological terms. Bilge Publishing.
  • Başel, H. (2007). Causes of Population Movements and Internal Migration in Turkey. Journal of Social Politics Conferences (53), 515-542.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Yuan, K. H. (1999). Structural equation modeling with small samples: Test statistics. Multivariate behavioral research, 34(2), 181-197.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological theory, 7(1), 14-25.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
  • Burt, R. S. (1999). The social capital of opinion leaders. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566(1), 37-54.
  • Caprara, G. V., & Cervone, D. (2003). Conception of Personality for a Psychology of Human Strengths: Personality as an Agentic, Self Regulating System. L. a. Aspinwall, Psychology of Human Strenghts: Fundamental Questions and Future Directions for a Positive Psychology. Washington (s. 61-74). DC American Psychological Association.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • Çağlayan, S. (2006). Theories of Migration, the Relationship between Migration and Immigration. Muğla University Journal of Social Sciences Institute (İLKE), 17, 67-91.
  • Dücan, E. (2016). Regional Socio-Economic Analysis of the Causes of Internal Migration in Turkey. Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 12(12), 167-183.
  • Gable, S., & Haidt, J. (2009). What (and why) is positive psychology. Review of General Psychology, 9, 103-110.
  • Gökçe, B. (1996). Turkey's Social Structure and Social Institutions. Ankara: Savaş Yayınevi.
  • Gür, T. H., & Emel, U. (2004). The causes of migration to the cities in Turkey. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 22(1), 23-38.
  • Gürbüz, M., & Karabulut, M. (2008). Analysis of the relationships between rural migrations and socio-economic characteristics. Turkish Geographical Journal, 50, 37-60.
  • Hershberger, S. L. (2003). The growth of structural equation modeling: 1994-2001. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(1), 35-46.
  • Hoyle, R.H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach. In R.H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 1-15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • İlhan, M., & Çetin, B. (2014). Comparison of results of structural equation model (feed) analyzes performed using LISREL and AMOS programs. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 5(2), 26-42.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
  • Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The counseling psychologist, 34(5), 684-718.
  • Karpat, H. (2003). Social Transformation in Turkey. Ankara: İmge kitapevi . Kartal, K. (1978). Urbanization and Human: Changes in Human Attitudes and Behaviors During the Urbanization Process. Ankara: TODAİE.
  • Keleş, R. (1996). Urbanization Policies. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Keleş, Ş., & Dilmaç, M. (2017). The Effect of Social Capital on Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Area: The Case of Erzurum Rural. The International New Issues In Social Sciences, 4, 43-64.
  • Keskin, A., & Keleş, Ş. (2018). Formation of the social capital by its dimensions in rural areas of Erzurum province in Turkey. JAPS: Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 28(6), 1854-1867.
  • Kıray, M. B. (2007). Urbanization Articles. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Korczynski, M. (2000). The Political Economy Of Trust. Journal of Management Studies, 37(1), 1-21.
  • Lee, E. S. (1969). A Theory of Migration. J. J. (Ed) içinde, Migration (s. 283-297). Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
  • Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., Morgan, G. A., Clay, J. N., & Quick, D. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Inc., Publishers.
  • Lewis, G. J. (1982). Human Migration A Geographical Perspective. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Linley, A. P., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The journal of positive psychology, 1(1), 3-19.
  • Lomax, R. G., & Schumacker, R. E. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. psychology press.
  • Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel psychology, 60(3), 541-572.
  • Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the Psychological Capital of Resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5(1), 25-44.
  • Narayan, D., & Pritchett, L. (1999). Cents And Sociability: Household Income And Social Capital In Rural Tanzania. Economic Development And Cultural Change, 47(4), 871-897.
  • Özen, S., & Aslan, S. (2006). Social Capital Potential of Turkish Society in Terms of Internal and External Social Capital Approaches: The Case of the Middle East Industry and Trade Center (OSTİM). Mediterranean FEAS Journal, 6(12), 130-160.
  • Palloni, A., Massey, D. S., Ceballos, M., Espinosa, K., & Spittel, M. (2001). Social capital and international migration: A test using information on family networks. American Journal of Sociology, 106(5), 1262-1298.
  • Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (Vol. 21). New York and London: Routledge.
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1), 130-141.
  • Sağlam, S. (2006). Turkey's internal migration and urbanization. Turkish Studies, 5, 33-44.
  • Sargut, A. S. (2003). The role of trust in the formation of organizational structures and economic transactions in institutional areas. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Sencer, Y. (1979). Urbanization in Turkey. Ankara: Ministry of Culture Publications.
  • Spilimbergo, A., & Ubeda, L. (2004). Family attachment and the decision to move by race. Journal of Urban Economics, 55(3), 478-497.
  • Stouffer, S. A. (1940). Intervening Opportunities: A Theory Relating Mobility and Distance. American Sociological Review, 5(6), 845-867.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Weston, R., & Gore Jr, P. A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The counseling psychologist, 34(5), 719-751.
  • Woolcock, M. (2002). Social capital in theory and practice: where do we stand. Social capital and economic development: Well-being in developing countries, 1(2), 18-39.
  • Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: an introductory analysis, 2nd edn, Harper and Row, New York.

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 151 - 161, 30.04.2021

Şerafettin Keleş

https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.846777
https://izlik.org/JA46TR57MC

Abstract

References

  • Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of management review, 27(1), 17-40.
  • Balcıoğlu, I. (2007). Migration in social and psychological terms. Bilge Publishing.
  • Başel, H. (2007). Causes of Population Movements and Internal Migration in Turkey. Journal of Social Politics Conferences (53), 515-542.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Yuan, K. H. (1999). Structural equation modeling with small samples: Test statistics. Multivariate behavioral research, 34(2), 181-197.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological theory, 7(1), 14-25.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
  • Burt, R. S. (1999). The social capital of opinion leaders. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566(1), 37-54.
  • Caprara, G. V., & Cervone, D. (2003). Conception of Personality for a Psychology of Human Strengths: Personality as an Agentic, Self Regulating System. L. a. Aspinwall, Psychology of Human Strenghts: Fundamental Questions and Future Directions for a Positive Psychology. Washington (s. 61-74). DC American Psychological Association.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • Çağlayan, S. (2006). Theories of Migration, the Relationship between Migration and Immigration. Muğla University Journal of Social Sciences Institute (İLKE), 17, 67-91.
  • Dücan, E. (2016). Regional Socio-Economic Analysis of the Causes of Internal Migration in Turkey. Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 12(12), 167-183.
  • Gable, S., & Haidt, J. (2009). What (and why) is positive psychology. Review of General Psychology, 9, 103-110.
  • Gökçe, B. (1996). Turkey's Social Structure and Social Institutions. Ankara: Savaş Yayınevi.
  • Gür, T. H., & Emel, U. (2004). The causes of migration to the cities in Turkey. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 22(1), 23-38.
  • Gürbüz, M., & Karabulut, M. (2008). Analysis of the relationships between rural migrations and socio-economic characteristics. Turkish Geographical Journal, 50, 37-60.
  • Hershberger, S. L. (2003). The growth of structural equation modeling: 1994-2001. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(1), 35-46.
  • Hoyle, R.H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach. In R.H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 1-15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • İlhan, M., & Çetin, B. (2014). Comparison of results of structural equation model (feed) analyzes performed using LISREL and AMOS programs. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 5(2), 26-42.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
  • Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The counseling psychologist, 34(5), 684-718.
  • Karpat, H. (2003). Social Transformation in Turkey. Ankara: İmge kitapevi . Kartal, K. (1978). Urbanization and Human: Changes in Human Attitudes and Behaviors During the Urbanization Process. Ankara: TODAİE.
  • Keleş, R. (1996). Urbanization Policies. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Keleş, Ş., & Dilmaç, M. (2017). The Effect of Social Capital on Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Area: The Case of Erzurum Rural. The International New Issues In Social Sciences, 4, 43-64.
  • Keskin, A., & Keleş, Ş. (2018). Formation of the social capital by its dimensions in rural areas of Erzurum province in Turkey. JAPS: Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 28(6), 1854-1867.
  • Kıray, M. B. (2007). Urbanization Articles. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Korczynski, M. (2000). The Political Economy Of Trust. Journal of Management Studies, 37(1), 1-21.
  • Lee, E. S. (1969). A Theory of Migration. J. J. (Ed) içinde, Migration (s. 283-297). Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
  • Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., Morgan, G. A., Clay, J. N., & Quick, D. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Inc., Publishers.
  • Lewis, G. J. (1982). Human Migration A Geographical Perspective. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Linley, A. P., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The journal of positive psychology, 1(1), 3-19.
  • Lomax, R. G., & Schumacker, R. E. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. psychology press.
  • Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel psychology, 60(3), 541-572.
  • Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the Psychological Capital of Resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5(1), 25-44.
  • Narayan, D., & Pritchett, L. (1999). Cents And Sociability: Household Income And Social Capital In Rural Tanzania. Economic Development And Cultural Change, 47(4), 871-897.
  • Özen, S., & Aslan, S. (2006). Social Capital Potential of Turkish Society in Terms of Internal and External Social Capital Approaches: The Case of the Middle East Industry and Trade Center (OSTİM). Mediterranean FEAS Journal, 6(12), 130-160.
  • Palloni, A., Massey, D. S., Ceballos, M., Espinosa, K., & Spittel, M. (2001). Social capital and international migration: A test using information on family networks. American Journal of Sociology, 106(5), 1262-1298.
  • Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (Vol. 21). New York and London: Routledge.
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1), 130-141.
  • Sağlam, S. (2006). Turkey's internal migration and urbanization. Turkish Studies, 5, 33-44.
  • Sargut, A. S. (2003). The role of trust in the formation of organizational structures and economic transactions in institutional areas. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Sencer, Y. (1979). Urbanization in Turkey. Ankara: Ministry of Culture Publications.
  • Spilimbergo, A., & Ubeda, L. (2004). Family attachment and the decision to move by race. Journal of Urban Economics, 55(3), 478-497.
  • Stouffer, S. A. (1940). Intervening Opportunities: A Theory Relating Mobility and Distance. American Sociological Review, 5(6), 845-867.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Weston, R., & Gore Jr, P. A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The counseling psychologist, 34(5), 719-751.
  • Woolcock, M. (2002). Social capital in theory and practice: where do we stand. Social capital and economic development: Well-being in developing countries, 1(2), 18-39.
  • Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: an introductory analysis, 2nd edn, Harper and Row, New York.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şerafettin Keleş 0000-0002-5147-0825

Publication Date April 30, 2021
DOI https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.846777
IZ https://izlik.org/JA46TR57MC
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Keleş, Ş. (2021). Attractiveness of the city, psychological and social capital: Never-ending migration from rural settlements to urban centers in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7(2), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.846777
AMA 1.Keleş Ş. Attractiveness of the city, psychological and social capital: Never-ending migration from rural settlements to urban centers in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2021;7(2):151-161. doi:10.24289/ijsser.846777
Chicago Keleş, Şerafettin. 2021. “Attractiveness of the City, Psychological and Social Capital: Never-Ending Migration from Rural Settlements to Urban Centers in Turkey”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 7 (2): 151-61. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.846777.
EndNote Keleş Ş (April 1, 2021) Attractiveness of the city, psychological and social capital: Never-ending migration from rural settlements to urban centers in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 7 2 151–161.
IEEE [1]Ş. Keleş, “Attractiveness of the city, psychological and social capital: Never-ending migration from rural settlements to urban centers in Turkey”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 151–161, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.24289/ijsser.846777.
ISNAD Keleş, Şerafettin. “Attractiveness of the City, Psychological and Social Capital: Never-Ending Migration from Rural Settlements to Urban Centers in Turkey”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 7/2 (April 1, 2021): 151-161. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.846777.
JAMA 1.Keleş Ş. Attractiveness of the city, psychological and social capital: Never-ending migration from rural settlements to urban centers in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2021;7:151–161.
MLA Keleş, Şerafettin. “Attractiveness of the City, Psychological and Social Capital: Never-Ending Migration from Rural Settlements to Urban Centers in Turkey”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 7, no. 2, Apr. 2021, pp. 151-6, doi:10.24289/ijsser.846777.
Vancouver 1.Keleş Ş. Attractiveness of the city, psychological and social capital: Never-ending migration from rural settlements to urban centers in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 1;7(2):151-6. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA46TR57MC

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https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1252422

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