Year 2020,
Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 569 - 582, 01.10.2020
Şuayip Turan
,
Yılmaz Bingöl
References
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Nazarbayev and Karimov. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 17(1), 49-67.
- Aydın, M. (2015). Arab Baharını Anlamak, Retrived January 30, 2016 from
http://tercih.aydin.edu.tr/mustafaaydin.com/dosyalar/ARAB_BAHARIn%C4%B1_anlamak.pdf
- Aydinli, E. (2013): The reform-security dilemma in democratic transitions: the Turkish experience as
model?, Democratization 20(6), 1144-1164
- Barnes, A. (2013). Creating Democrats? Testing the Arab Spring. Middle East Policy, vol. XX, no. 2, pp. 55-72.
- Bayat, A. (2013). Life as politics how ordinary people change the Middle East. Cairo: The
American University in Cairo Press.
- Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East:
Lessons from the Arab Spring. Comparative Politics 44(2), 127-149.
- Bellin, E. (2015). The Relationship between Democracy and Development. Lecture presented at Economic
Research Forum 21st Annual Conference.
- Berman, S. H. (2017). How Democracies Emerge: Lessons from Europe. Journal of Democracy, vol. 18(1),
pp. 28-41. doi:10.1353/jod.2007.0000.
- Bingöl, Y. (2011). Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda Demokrasi: Kavramlar, Temel Yaklaşımlar, Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda
Demokrasi Tartışmaları (ed. Y. Bingöl), 9-20, Umuttepe Yayınları.
- Boix, C. & Stokes, S. (2003). “Endogenous Democratization,” World Politics 55, no. pp. 539–540. Princeton
University. Retrieved August 01, 2013 from
https://www.princeton.edu/~cboix/endogenous%20democratization%20-%20world%20politics.pdf
- Cammack, P. (1994). Political development theory and the dissemination of democracy.
Democratization, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 353-374.
- Desai, R. (2012). The Challenge of a Reform Endowment. Washington: Brookings Institute.
- Goldsmith, A. (2007). Muslim exceptionalism? Measuring the “Democracy Gap”. Middle East Policy, vol.
XIV, no. 2, pp. 86-96.
- Gordner, M. (2013). Democracy and Democratic Transition: Lessons from Egypt and Tunisia. Global
Education Magazine, [online] (5), pp.32 - 36. Available at:
http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/global-
education-magazine-5/
- Hamid, S. (2011). The struggle for Middle East democracy: Why the Arab Street finally revolted. Cairo
Review, no. 1, pp. 18-29.
- Hanefi, A. A. (2011). The Challenges of Democratic Transformation in Egypt. Minber Al Huria.
- Harvey D. (2012). Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution, Verso, London.
- Haynes, J. (1997). Democracy and Civil Society in the Third World Politics and New Political
Movements. Cambridge: Polity.
- Kışlakçı, T. (2012). Arab Baharı, İstanbul: Mana Yayınları.
- Lipset, S. M. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and
Political Legitimacy” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 1 pp. 69-105.
- Rosiny, S. (2012). “The Arab Spring: Triggers, Dynamics and Prospects” Retrieved October 05, 2015
from
https://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/gf_international_1201.pdf
- O'Donnell, G. & Schmitter, P. (1986). Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Vol. 4, in
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins
University Press.
- Pace, M. & Cavatorta, F. (2012). The Arab uprisings in theoretical perspective: An introduction.
Mediterranean Politics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 125-138, DOI: 10.1080/13629395.2012.694040
- Paciello, M. (2011). The Arab Spring: Socio-economic challenges and opportunities. Istituto Affari
Internazionali, vol. 11, no. 15E, pp. 1-15.
- Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M. E., Cheibub, J. A., & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political
Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy) 1st
Edition).
- Ramadan, T. (2011). Historical Responsibilities: Democracy Now. Retrieved April 15, 2015 from
https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-the-west/historical-responsibilities--democracy-now-
demands-tariq-ramadan/d/4089
- Rezaei, M. (2015). Egypt and "Democracy Dilemma", African Journal of Political Science and International
Relations, Vol. 9(6), pp. 217-224, DOI: 10.5897/AJPSIR2014.0763.
- Rivlin, P. (2011). “Egyptians Economy after the Election, the Moshe Dayan Center at Tel Aviv University.
- Tessler, M. (2002). Islam and democracy in the Middle East: The impact of religious orientations on
attitudes toward democracy in four Arab countries. Comparative Politics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 337-354.
- Toscano, R., Khattab, M., Kassem, F., & Brumberg, D. (2012). The Arab Awakening: Is democracy a mirage?
Viewpoints, no. 6, pp. 1-19.
- Trabelsi, M. (2013). Post-political transitions in Arab Spring countries: The challenges. Transition Study
Reviews, 2013, no. 20, pp. 253-263.
- Toscano, R., Khattab, M., Kassem, F., & Brumberg, D. (2012). The Arab Awakening: Is democracy a mirage?
Viewpoints, no. 6, pp. 1-19.
- Stepan, A. C. & Linz, J. (2013). Democratization theory and the ‘Arab Spring’. Journal of Democracy, vol. 24,
no. 2, pp. 15-30.
- Sorenson, D. (2011). Transitions in the Arab World: Spring or Fall? Strategic Studies Quarterly.
- Yumitro, G. & Estriani, H. (2017). The Quo Vadis of Democratization in Post-Egypt Arab Spring. Volume 23:
Issue 79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2017-0018
The role of domestic factors on the failed transition to democracy in Egypt
Year 2020,
Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 569 - 582, 01.10.2020
Şuayip Turan
,
Yılmaz Bingöl
Abstract
This paper focuses on the roles of the domestic factors on the failed transition to democracy in Egypt. Domestic factors had an important impact on the authoritarian regime and established order in Egypt. The defenders of the established order had gotten much income from the authoritarian regime, yet many people had gotten less income from the state. Therefore, contrary to popular belief, the internal dynamics in Egypt Arab Spring served not to change the balances in the Middle East, but to the continuation of the institutional order (the established order). The domestic factors such as social, political, and economic factors were the reasons for the uprising. The former regime supporters regained power by the military coup d’état with financial and political support from global actors.
References
- Ambrosio, T. (2014). Leadership Succession in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: Regime Survival after
Nazarbayev and Karimov. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 17(1), 49-67.
- Aydın, M. (2015). Arab Baharını Anlamak, Retrived January 30, 2016 from
http://tercih.aydin.edu.tr/mustafaaydin.com/dosyalar/ARAB_BAHARIn%C4%B1_anlamak.pdf
- Aydinli, E. (2013): The reform-security dilemma in democratic transitions: the Turkish experience as
model?, Democratization 20(6), 1144-1164
- Barnes, A. (2013). Creating Democrats? Testing the Arab Spring. Middle East Policy, vol. XX, no. 2, pp. 55-72.
- Bayat, A. (2013). Life as politics how ordinary people change the Middle East. Cairo: The
American University in Cairo Press.
- Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East:
Lessons from the Arab Spring. Comparative Politics 44(2), 127-149.
- Bellin, E. (2015). The Relationship between Democracy and Development. Lecture presented at Economic
Research Forum 21st Annual Conference.
- Berman, S. H. (2017). How Democracies Emerge: Lessons from Europe. Journal of Democracy, vol. 18(1),
pp. 28-41. doi:10.1353/jod.2007.0000.
- Bingöl, Y. (2011). Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda Demokrasi: Kavramlar, Temel Yaklaşımlar, Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda
Demokrasi Tartışmaları (ed. Y. Bingöl), 9-20, Umuttepe Yayınları.
- Boix, C. & Stokes, S. (2003). “Endogenous Democratization,” World Politics 55, no. pp. 539–540. Princeton
University. Retrieved August 01, 2013 from
https://www.princeton.edu/~cboix/endogenous%20democratization%20-%20world%20politics.pdf
- Cammack, P. (1994). Political development theory and the dissemination of democracy.
Democratization, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 353-374.
- Desai, R. (2012). The Challenge of a Reform Endowment. Washington: Brookings Institute.
- Goldsmith, A. (2007). Muslim exceptionalism? Measuring the “Democracy Gap”. Middle East Policy, vol.
XIV, no. 2, pp. 86-96.
- Gordner, M. (2013). Democracy and Democratic Transition: Lessons from Egypt and Tunisia. Global
Education Magazine, [online] (5), pp.32 - 36. Available at:
http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/global-
education-magazine-5/
- Hamid, S. (2011). The struggle for Middle East democracy: Why the Arab Street finally revolted. Cairo
Review, no. 1, pp. 18-29.
- Hanefi, A. A. (2011). The Challenges of Democratic Transformation in Egypt. Minber Al Huria.
- Harvey D. (2012). Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution, Verso, London.
- Haynes, J. (1997). Democracy and Civil Society in the Third World Politics and New Political
Movements. Cambridge: Polity.
- Kışlakçı, T. (2012). Arab Baharı, İstanbul: Mana Yayınları.
- Lipset, S. M. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and
Political Legitimacy” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 1 pp. 69-105.
- Rosiny, S. (2012). “The Arab Spring: Triggers, Dynamics and Prospects” Retrieved October 05, 2015
from
https://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/gf_international_1201.pdf
- O'Donnell, G. & Schmitter, P. (1986). Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Vol. 4, in
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins
University Press.
- Pace, M. & Cavatorta, F. (2012). The Arab uprisings in theoretical perspective: An introduction.
Mediterranean Politics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 125-138, DOI: 10.1080/13629395.2012.694040
- Paciello, M. (2011). The Arab Spring: Socio-economic challenges and opportunities. Istituto Affari
Internazionali, vol. 11, no. 15E, pp. 1-15.
- Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M. E., Cheibub, J. A., & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political
Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy) 1st
Edition).
- Ramadan, T. (2011). Historical Responsibilities: Democracy Now. Retrieved April 15, 2015 from
https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-the-west/historical-responsibilities--democracy-now-
demands-tariq-ramadan/d/4089
- Rezaei, M. (2015). Egypt and "Democracy Dilemma", African Journal of Political Science and International
Relations, Vol. 9(6), pp. 217-224, DOI: 10.5897/AJPSIR2014.0763.
- Rivlin, P. (2011). “Egyptians Economy after the Election, the Moshe Dayan Center at Tel Aviv University.
- Tessler, M. (2002). Islam and democracy in the Middle East: The impact of religious orientations on
attitudes toward democracy in four Arab countries. Comparative Politics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 337-354.
- Toscano, R., Khattab, M., Kassem, F., & Brumberg, D. (2012). The Arab Awakening: Is democracy a mirage?
Viewpoints, no. 6, pp. 1-19.
- Trabelsi, M. (2013). Post-political transitions in Arab Spring countries: The challenges. Transition Study
Reviews, 2013, no. 20, pp. 253-263.
- Toscano, R., Khattab, M., Kassem, F., & Brumberg, D. (2012). The Arab Awakening: Is democracy a mirage?
Viewpoints, no. 6, pp. 1-19.
- Stepan, A. C. & Linz, J. (2013). Democratization theory and the ‘Arab Spring’. Journal of Democracy, vol. 24,
no. 2, pp. 15-30.
- Sorenson, D. (2011). Transitions in the Arab World: Spring or Fall? Strategic Studies Quarterly.
- Yumitro, G. & Estriani, H. (2017). The Quo Vadis of Democratization in Post-Egypt Arab Spring. Volume 23:
Issue 79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2017-0018