Research Article
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The effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization: The mediation effect of forgiveness

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 307 - 317, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1108959

Abstract

This study examined the effect of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization as well as the mediation role of forgiveness in the effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization. The study was conducted with 352 employees of five-star hotels in Antalya, Turkey. The results show that customer incivility and employee incivility increase hotel employees’ depersonalization while forgiveness partially mediates the impact of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization. These findings indicate that hotel managers should encourage employees’ tendency to forgive, increase managerial support and training for employees, and learning about different cultures.

References

  • Akgunduz, Y., Bardakoglu, O., & Alkan, C. E. (2015). The moderating role of job resourcefulness in the impact of work-family and family-work life conflict on the burnout levels of travel agency employees. Turizam, 19(3), 111-126.
  • Alola, U. V., Olugbade, O. A., Avci, T., & Öztüren, A. (2019). Customer incivility and employees' outcomes in the hotel: Testing the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 9-17.
  • Anderson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452–471.
  • Arnold, K. A., & Walsh, M. M. (2015). Customer incivility and employee well-being: Testing the moderating effects of meaning, perspective taking and transformational leadership. Work & Stress, 29(4), 362-378.
  • Aslan, A., & Kozak, M. (2012). Customer deviance in resort hotels: The case of Turkey. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(6), 679-701.
  • Baker, M.A. & Kim, K. (2021). Becoming cynical and depersonalized: how incivility, co-worker support and service rules affect employee job performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(12), 4483-4504.
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands–resources theory. Wellbeing: A complete reference guide, 1-28.
  • Balaji, M. S., Jiang, Y., Singh, G., & Jha, S. (2020). Letting go or getting back: How organization culture shapes frontline employee response to customer incivility. Journal of Business Research, 111, 1-11.
  • Bani-Melhem, S. (2020). What mitigate and exacerbate the influences of customer incivility on frontline employee extra-role behaviour?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 38-49.
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  • Bennett, R. J., & Cox, S. (2014). Forgoing the sweetness of revenge for the healthy choice of forgiveness. Handbook of Unethical Work Behavior: Implications for Individual Well-Being, 44.
  • Bhati, A., & Pearce, P. (2016). Vandalism and tourism settings: An integrative review. Tourism Management, 57, 91-105.
  • Bhattacharya, C. B., Rao, H., & Glynn, M. A. (1995). Understanding the bond of identification: An investigation of its correlates among art museum members. Journal of Marketing, 59(4), 46-57.
  • Bies, R. J., Barclay, L. J., Tripp, T. M., & Aquino, K. (2016). A systems perspective on forgiveness in organizations. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 245-318.
  • Boukis, A., Koritos, C., Daunt, K. L., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2020). Effects of customer incivility on frontline employees and the moderating role of supervisor leadership style. Tourism Management, 77, 103997.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
  • Chen, H.T. & Wang, C.H. (2019). Incivility, satisfaction, and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs: moderating effects of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(5), 2034-2053.
  • Cheng, B., Dong, Y., Zhou, X., Guo, G., & Peng, Y. (2020). Does customer incivility undermine employees’ service performance?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102544.
  • Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
  • Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Magley, V. J., & Nelson, K. (2017). Researching rudeness: The past, present, and future of the science of incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 299.
  • Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64.
  • Cox, S. (2008). A forgiving workplace: An investigation of forgiveness climate, individual differences and workplace outcomes. Louisiana Tech University.
  • Cox, S. S. (2011). An investigation of forgiveness climate and workplace outcomes. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2011, No. 1, pp. 1-6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
  • Coyle, C. T., & Enright, R. D. (1997). Forgiveness intervention with postabortion men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 1042.
  • De Clercq, D., Haq, I. U., & Azeem, M. U. (2020). The relationship between workplace incivility and depersonalization towards co-workers: Roles of job-related anxiety, gender, and education. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(2), 219-240.
  • Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2004). Customer-related social stressors and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 61.
  • Fehr, R., & Gelfand, M. J. (2012). The forgiving organization: A multilevel model of forgiveness at work. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 664-688.
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992.
  • Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50.
  • Goussinsky, R. (2012). Coping with customer aggression. Journal of Service Management. 23(2), 170-196.
  • Grandey, A. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 350-370.
  • Guchait, P., & Back, K. J. (2016). Three country study: impact of support on employee attitudes. The Service Industries Journal, 36(7-8), 299-318.
  • Guchait, P., Lanza-Abbott, J. A., Madera, J. M., & Dawson, M. (2016). Should organizations be forgiving or unforgiving? A two-study replication of how forgiveness climate in hospitality organizations drives employee attitudes and behaviors. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 57(4), 379-395.
  • Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. O., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis a global perspective. New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Haj-Salem, N., & Chebat, J. C. (2014). The double-edged sword: The positive and negative effects of switching costs on customer exit and revenge. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), 1106-1113.
  • Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1134.
  • Han, H., Quan, W., Al-Ansi, A., Chung, H., Ngah, A. H., Ariza-Montes, A., & Vega-Muñoz, A. (2020). A theoretical framework development for hotel employee turnover: Linking trust in supports, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment at workplace. Sustainability, 12(19), 8065.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 127–147). Oxford University Press.
  • Hur, W. M., Moon, T., & Jun, J. K. (2016). The effect of workplace incivility on service employee creativity: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Services Marketing. 30(3), 302–315.
  • Karatepe, O. M. (2015). Do personal resources mediate the effect of perceived organizational support on emotional exhaustion and job outcomes?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 27(1), 4-26.
  • Karatepe, O. M., & Aleshinloye, K. D. (2009). Emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among hotel employees in Nigeria. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 349-358.
  • Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Role stress, burnout and their effects on frontline hotel employees' job performance: evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(2), 111-126.
  • Karatepe, O. M., Yorganci, I., & Haktanir, M. (2009). Outcomes of customer verbal aggression among hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
  • Kim, G., Ro, H., Hutchinson, J., & Kwun, D. J. (2014). The effect of jay-customer behaviors on employee job stress and job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 15(4), 394-416.
  • Kim, H., & Qu, H. (2019). The effects of experienced customer incivility on employees’ behavior toward customers and coworkers. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(1), 58-77.
  • Koopmann, J., Wang, M., Liu, Y., & Song, Y. (2015). Customer mistreatment: A review of conceptualizations and a multilevel theoretical model. Mistreatment in Organizations, 13, 33-79
  • Laschinger, H. K. S., Leiter, M., Day, A., & Gilin, D. (2009). Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: Impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 302–311.
  • Lee, J., Ok, C. M., Lee, S. H., & Lee, C. K. (2018). Relationship between emotional labor and customer orientation among airline service employees: Mediating role of depersonalization. Journal of Travel Research, 57(3), 324-341.
  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 297-308.
  • Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 483.
  • Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95.
  • Liu, W., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2019). Effect of workplace incivility on OCB through burnout: The moderating role of affective commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(5), 657-669.
  • Madupalli, R. K., & Poddar, A. (2014). Problematic customers and customer service employee retaliation. Journal of Services Marketing. 28(3), 244–255.
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
  • McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43-55.
  • Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123-137.
  • Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2007). Does rudeness really matter? The effects of rudeness on task performance and helpfulness. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1181-1197.
  • Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1-2), 114-121.
  • Rahim, A., & Cosby, D. M. (2016). A model of workplace incivility, job burnout, turnover intentions, and job performance. Journal of Management Development, 35(10), 1255-1265.
  • Schumacker, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2013). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (Six Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Sliter, M., & Jones, M. (2016). A qualitative and quantitative examination of the antecedents of customer incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(2), 208.
  • Sliter, M., Jex, S., Wolford, K., & McInnerney, J. (2010). How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 468.
  • Sliter, M., Sliter, K., & Jex, S. (2012). The employee as a punching bag: The effect of multiple sources of incivility on employee withdrawal behavior and sales performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(1), 121-139.
  • Söderlund, M. (2017). Employee display of burnout in the service encounter and its impact on customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 37, 168-176.
  • Stock, R. M., & Hoyer, W. D. (2005). An attitude-behavior model of salespeople’s customer orientation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(4), 536-552.
  • Torres, E. N., van Niekerk, M., & Orlowski, M. (2017). Customer and employee incivility and its causal effects in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26(1), 48-66.
  • Van Jaarsveld, D. D., Walker, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2010). The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. Journal of Management, 36(6), 1486-1504.
  • Walker, D. D., Van Jaarsveld, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2014). Exploring the effects of individual customer incivility encounters on employee incivility: The moderating roles of entity (in) civility and negative affectivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 151.
  • Wilson, N. L., & Holmvall, C. M. (2013). The development and validation of the Incivility from Customers Scale. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 310.
  • Yagil, D. (2008). When the customer is wrong: A review of research on aggression and sexual harassment in service encounters. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(2), 141-152.
  • Yang, F. X., & Lau, V. M. C. (2019). Evil customers, an angel boss and coopetitive coworkers: Burnout of frontline employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 1-10.
  • Yoo, J. (2013). The influence of social undermining on the service employee's customer-oriented boundary-spanning behavior. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(7), 539-550.
Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 307 - 317, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1108959

Abstract

References

  • Akgunduz, Y., Bardakoglu, O., & Alkan, C. E. (2015). The moderating role of job resourcefulness in the impact of work-family and family-work life conflict on the burnout levels of travel agency employees. Turizam, 19(3), 111-126.
  • Alola, U. V., Olugbade, O. A., Avci, T., & Öztüren, A. (2019). Customer incivility and employees' outcomes in the hotel: Testing the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 9-17.
  • Anderson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452–471.
  • Arnold, K. A., & Walsh, M. M. (2015). Customer incivility and employee well-being: Testing the moderating effects of meaning, perspective taking and transformational leadership. Work & Stress, 29(4), 362-378.
  • Aslan, A., & Kozak, M. (2012). Customer deviance in resort hotels: The case of Turkey. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(6), 679-701.
  • Baker, M.A. & Kim, K. (2021). Becoming cynical and depersonalized: how incivility, co-worker support and service rules affect employee job performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(12), 4483-4504.
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands–resources theory. Wellbeing: A complete reference guide, 1-28.
  • Balaji, M. S., Jiang, Y., Singh, G., & Jha, S. (2020). Letting go or getting back: How organization culture shapes frontline employee response to customer incivility. Journal of Business Research, 111, 1-11.
  • Bani-Melhem, S. (2020). What mitigate and exacerbate the influences of customer incivility on frontline employee extra-role behaviour?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 38-49.
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  • Bennett, R. J., & Cox, S. (2014). Forgoing the sweetness of revenge for the healthy choice of forgiveness. Handbook of Unethical Work Behavior: Implications for Individual Well-Being, 44.
  • Bhati, A., & Pearce, P. (2016). Vandalism and tourism settings: An integrative review. Tourism Management, 57, 91-105.
  • Bhattacharya, C. B., Rao, H., & Glynn, M. A. (1995). Understanding the bond of identification: An investigation of its correlates among art museum members. Journal of Marketing, 59(4), 46-57.
  • Bies, R. J., Barclay, L. J., Tripp, T. M., & Aquino, K. (2016). A systems perspective on forgiveness in organizations. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 245-318.
  • Boukis, A., Koritos, C., Daunt, K. L., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2020). Effects of customer incivility on frontline employees and the moderating role of supervisor leadership style. Tourism Management, 77, 103997.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
  • Chen, H.T. & Wang, C.H. (2019). Incivility, satisfaction, and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs: moderating effects of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(5), 2034-2053.
  • Cheng, B., Dong, Y., Zhou, X., Guo, G., & Peng, Y. (2020). Does customer incivility undermine employees’ service performance?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102544.
  • Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
  • Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Magley, V. J., & Nelson, K. (2017). Researching rudeness: The past, present, and future of the science of incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 299.
  • Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64.
  • Cox, S. (2008). A forgiving workplace: An investigation of forgiveness climate, individual differences and workplace outcomes. Louisiana Tech University.
  • Cox, S. S. (2011). An investigation of forgiveness climate and workplace outcomes. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2011, No. 1, pp. 1-6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
  • Coyle, C. T., & Enright, R. D. (1997). Forgiveness intervention with postabortion men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 1042.
  • De Clercq, D., Haq, I. U., & Azeem, M. U. (2020). The relationship between workplace incivility and depersonalization towards co-workers: Roles of job-related anxiety, gender, and education. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(2), 219-240.
  • Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2004). Customer-related social stressors and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 61.
  • Fehr, R., & Gelfand, M. J. (2012). The forgiving organization: A multilevel model of forgiveness at work. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 664-688.
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992.
  • Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50.
  • Goussinsky, R. (2012). Coping with customer aggression. Journal of Service Management. 23(2), 170-196.
  • Grandey, A. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 350-370.
  • Guchait, P., & Back, K. J. (2016). Three country study: impact of support on employee attitudes. The Service Industries Journal, 36(7-8), 299-318.
  • Guchait, P., Lanza-Abbott, J. A., Madera, J. M., & Dawson, M. (2016). Should organizations be forgiving or unforgiving? A two-study replication of how forgiveness climate in hospitality organizations drives employee attitudes and behaviors. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 57(4), 379-395.
  • Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. O., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis a global perspective. New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Haj-Salem, N., & Chebat, J. C. (2014). The double-edged sword: The positive and negative effects of switching costs on customer exit and revenge. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), 1106-1113.
  • Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1134.
  • Han, H., Quan, W., Al-Ansi, A., Chung, H., Ngah, A. H., Ariza-Montes, A., & Vega-Muñoz, A. (2020). A theoretical framework development for hotel employee turnover: Linking trust in supports, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment at workplace. Sustainability, 12(19), 8065.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 127–147). Oxford University Press.
  • Hur, W. M., Moon, T., & Jun, J. K. (2016). The effect of workplace incivility on service employee creativity: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Services Marketing. 30(3), 302–315.
  • Karatepe, O. M. (2015). Do personal resources mediate the effect of perceived organizational support on emotional exhaustion and job outcomes?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 27(1), 4-26.
  • Karatepe, O. M., & Aleshinloye, K. D. (2009). Emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among hotel employees in Nigeria. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 349-358.
  • Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Role stress, burnout and their effects on frontline hotel employees' job performance: evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(2), 111-126.
  • Karatepe, O. M., Yorganci, I., & Haktanir, M. (2009). Outcomes of customer verbal aggression among hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
  • Kim, G., Ro, H., Hutchinson, J., & Kwun, D. J. (2014). The effect of jay-customer behaviors on employee job stress and job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 15(4), 394-416.
  • Kim, H., & Qu, H. (2019). The effects of experienced customer incivility on employees’ behavior toward customers and coworkers. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(1), 58-77.
  • Koopmann, J., Wang, M., Liu, Y., & Song, Y. (2015). Customer mistreatment: A review of conceptualizations and a multilevel theoretical model. Mistreatment in Organizations, 13, 33-79
  • Laschinger, H. K. S., Leiter, M., Day, A., & Gilin, D. (2009). Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: Impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 302–311.
  • Lee, J., Ok, C. M., Lee, S. H., & Lee, C. K. (2018). Relationship between emotional labor and customer orientation among airline service employees: Mediating role of depersonalization. Journal of Travel Research, 57(3), 324-341.
  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 297-308.
  • Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 483.
  • Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95.
  • Liu, W., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2019). Effect of workplace incivility on OCB through burnout: The moderating role of affective commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(5), 657-669.
  • Madupalli, R. K., & Poddar, A. (2014). Problematic customers and customer service employee retaliation. Journal of Services Marketing. 28(3), 244–255.
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
  • McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43-55.
  • Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123-137.
  • Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2007). Does rudeness really matter? The effects of rudeness on task performance and helpfulness. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1181-1197.
  • Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1-2), 114-121.
  • Rahim, A., & Cosby, D. M. (2016). A model of workplace incivility, job burnout, turnover intentions, and job performance. Journal of Management Development, 35(10), 1255-1265.
  • Schumacker, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2013). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (Six Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Sliter, M., & Jones, M. (2016). A qualitative and quantitative examination of the antecedents of customer incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(2), 208.
  • Sliter, M., Jex, S., Wolford, K., & McInnerney, J. (2010). How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 468.
  • Sliter, M., Sliter, K., & Jex, S. (2012). The employee as a punching bag: The effect of multiple sources of incivility on employee withdrawal behavior and sales performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(1), 121-139.
  • Söderlund, M. (2017). Employee display of burnout in the service encounter and its impact on customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 37, 168-176.
  • Stock, R. M., & Hoyer, W. D. (2005). An attitude-behavior model of salespeople’s customer orientation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(4), 536-552.
  • Torres, E. N., van Niekerk, M., & Orlowski, M. (2017). Customer and employee incivility and its causal effects in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26(1), 48-66.
  • Van Jaarsveld, D. D., Walker, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2010). The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. Journal of Management, 36(6), 1486-1504.
  • Walker, D. D., Van Jaarsveld, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2014). Exploring the effects of individual customer incivility encounters on employee incivility: The moderating roles of entity (in) civility and negative affectivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 151.
  • Wilson, N. L., & Holmvall, C. M. (2013). The development and validation of the Incivility from Customers Scale. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 310.
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There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Dalgıç 0000-0002-5575-4825

Publication Date July 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Dalgıç, A. (2022). The effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization: The mediation effect of forgiveness. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 8(3), 307-317. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1108959
AMA Dalgıç A. The effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization: The mediation effect of forgiveness. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. July 2022;8(3):307-317. doi:10.24289/ijsser.1108959
Chicago Dalgıç, Ali. “The Effects of Customer Incivility and Employee Incivility on Depersonalization: The Mediation Effect of Forgiveness”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 8, no. 3 (July 2022): 307-17. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1108959.
EndNote Dalgıç A (July 1, 2022) The effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization: The mediation effect of forgiveness. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 8 3 307–317.
IEEE A. Dalgıç, “The effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization: The mediation effect of forgiveness”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 307–317, 2022, doi: 10.24289/ijsser.1108959.
ISNAD Dalgıç, Ali. “The Effects of Customer Incivility and Employee Incivility on Depersonalization: The Mediation Effect of Forgiveness”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 8/3 (July 2022), 307-317. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1108959.
JAMA Dalgıç A. The effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization: The mediation effect of forgiveness. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2022;8:307–317.
MLA Dalgıç, Ali. “The Effects of Customer Incivility and Employee Incivility on Depersonalization: The Mediation Effect of Forgiveness”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, vol. 8, no. 3, 2022, pp. 307-1, doi:10.24289/ijsser.1108959.
Vancouver Dalgıç A. The effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization: The mediation effect of forgiveness. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research. 2022;8(3):307-1.