POLITICAL DISOBEDINCE IN ISRAEL: A STRATEGY OF RESISTANCE AMONG PALESTINIANS IN ISRAEL

Abstract

After the Nakba, the Palestinian catastrophe in 1948, and the establishment of Israel on 78 percent of Mandatory Palestine, 160,000 Palestinians remained in their homeland which Western powers created as the State of Israel. There remained a clear presence of those with whom the founders of Israel had fought, and who had been captured in their consciousness as “the enemy.” The “1948 Palestinians” or “Arab Israelis” who remained were mostly peasants and were described by the Israeli sociologist Baruch Kimberling 2003 as “a body with no head”, pointing to the loose organization and structure of the political leadership and the Palestinian elite as a result of the 1948 war. The first years of living under the Israeli sovereignty and the trauma of the great defeat in 1948, crystalized the primary battle of "surviving" and steadfastness known in Arabic as the battle of Bqaa and Sumud among the Palestinians in Israel.

References

1. Atack, I., 2012. Nonviolence in political theory. Edinburgh University Press.
2. Bahbah, B., 1985. The Third Way Samed: Journal of a West Bank Palestinian. Raja Shehadeh. Journal of Palestine Studies, 14(4), pp.151–153. Available at: http://jps.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.2307/2537134 [Accessed September 17, 2016].
3. Bashir, B., 2015. On citizenship and citizenship education: a Levantine approach and reimagining Israel/Palestine. Citizenship Studies, (June), pp.1–18. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13621025.2015.1007033 [Accessed June 12, 2015].
4. Berghe, V. den, 1981. The Ethnic Phenomenon, New York: Elsevier.
5. Connor, W., 1987. Ethnonationalism. In M. Weiner & S. Huntington, eds. understandin Political Development. Boston:Little Brown.
6. Galzer, N., 1983. The Ethnic Dilemma: 1964-1982, Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
7. Greenberg, L., 1991. Split Corporatism in Israel, university of New York press.
8. Gurr, T., 1993. Minorities at Risk: the Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict, Arlington: Institute of Peace Press.

9. Horowitz, D.., 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley:University of California Press.
10. Jamal, A., 2014. Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel: The Politics of indegeneity, New York: Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics.
11. Johansson, A. & Vinthagen, S., 2015. Dimensions of everyday resistance: the Palestenians Sumud. Journal of Political Power, 8:1, pp.109–139.
12. Kimmerling, B. & Migdal, J.S., 2003. The Palestinian People, Harvard University Press. Kylmlicka, W., 2000. Modernity and National Identity. In S. Ben-Ami, Y. Peled, & A. Spektorowski, eds. Ethnic challenges to the Modern Nation state. pp. 11–41.
13. Lichbach, M.., 1989. An Evaluation of “Does Economic Inequality Breed Political Conflict?” World Politics, 61, pp.431–470.
14. Lustick, I., 1980. Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel’s Control of a National Minority, Austin: Texas University Press.
15. MarshalL, C. & Rossman, G.., 2014. Designing qualitative research, New York: Sage.
16. May, T., 2015. Nonviolent Resistance: A philosophical Introduction, Polity Press.
17. Mikesell, M. & Murphy, A., 1991. A Framework for Comparative Study of Minority Aspirations. Annals of the Association of Amerrican Geographers, 81, pp.581–604.
18. Nakhleh, K. & Zureik, E. eds., 1980. The Sociology of the Palestenians, Croom Helm Ltd. Nepstad Erickson, S., 2015. Nonviolent Struggle:Theories,Strategies,& Dynamics, Oxford University Press.
19. Pappe, I., 2011. The Forgotten Palestinians, Yale University press publication.
20. Peled, Y., 1992. Ethnic democracy and the legal construction of citizenship :Arab citizens of the Jewish state. American political science review, 86(2), pp.432–443.
21. Polit, D.. & Beck, C, T., 2008. Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
22. Rabinowitz, D., 2010. The Palestinian citizens of Israel, the concept of trapped minority and the discourse of transnationalism in anthropology. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(1), pp.64–85. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/014198701750052505 [Accessed June 12, 2015].
23. Rouhana, N. & Sabbagh-Khoury, A. eds., 2011. The Palestinians in Israel: Reading in Histor, Politics and Society, Mada al-Carmel: Arab Centre for Applied Reaearch.
24. Sa’di, A., 2000. Control and Resistance:Two Dimensions of Palestinians’ Existence in Israel. In Ethnic challenges to the Modern Nation state. pp. 236–266.
25. Samooha, S., 1990. Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: the Status of the Arabs in Israel. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 13, pp.389–413.
26. Schiocchel, L., 2012. Palestinian Sumud, Steadfastness, ritual, and time among Palestenian refugees. In Z. Ali et al., eds. Palestenian refugees, different generations, but one identity. The Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Instituate of International Studies, The Forced Migration and Refugee Unit, Birzeit Uneversity, pp. 67–90.
27. Shafir, G., 1989. land, labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 1882-1914, cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Shalev, M., 1992. Labour and the Political Economy in Israel, oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Smith, A.., 1992. Ethnicity and Nationalism. International Jornal of Contemporary Sociology, 33 (1-2), pp.1–5.
30. Smith, A.., 1981. The Ethnic Revival, Cambridge University Press.
31. Van Teeffelen, T., Sumud revisted, Sumud as a Palestinian Value. Paper presented at the Celebrating Nonviolence Conference in Bethlehem, Bethlehem: Vinthagen, S. & Johansson, A., 2013. “Everyday resistance”: exploration of a concept & its theories. Resistance Studies Magazine, (1), pp.1–46.
32. Vinthagen, S. & Studies, G., 2007. Understanding ” Resistance ”: Exploring definitions , perspectives , forms and implications. , (2005), pp.1–23.
33. Yiftachel, O., 2000. Minority Protest and the Emaergence of Ethnic Regionalism:Palestinian-Arabs in the Israeli “Ethnocracy.” In S. Ben-Ami, Y. Peled, & A. Spektorowski, eds. Ethnic challenges to the Modern Nation state. pp. 145–184.
34. Yiftachel, O., 1994. Regional Mix and Ethnic Relations:Evidence from Israel. Geoforum, 25, pp.1–55.
35. Zureik, E., 1979. The Palestinians in Israel:A study of Internal Colonialism, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.