THE EFFECTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: AN INVESTIGATION ON TURKISH PORT STAFF

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 549 - 560, 03.01.2019

Gönül Kaya Özbağ , Osman Arslan

Abstract

Several researchers have examined organizational commitment concept because it has varying positive

consequences for the organization and employees. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine if demographic

characteristics of employees have a significant role in determining organizational commitment. Data gathered

from 50 employees of the various ports in Kocaeli is analyzed by using t-test, Anova and Tukey test. The results

revealed that marital status, educational level and job tenure have a significant effect on organizational commitment

level of employees. On the other hand, the findings indicated that age and gender have no significant effect on

organizational commitment level of employees.

Keywords

Affective Commitment, Continuance Commitment, Normative Commitment, Demographic Characteristics

References

• Adekola, B. (2012). The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Job Satisfaction: A study of Employee at Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Human Resources Studies: 2, 20-29.
• Affum-Osei, E. , Acquaah, E. & Acheampong, P. (2015). Relationship between Organisational Commitment and Demographic Variables: Evidence from a Commercial Bank in Ghana. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management: 5, 769-778.  Altınöz, M., Çöp S., & Sığındı, T. (2011). Algılanan Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Sinizm İlişkisi: Ankara’daki Dört ve Beş Yıldızlı Konaklama İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15 (21), 285-315.
• Bass, B.M. & Avolio, B.J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. California: Sage. Benjamin, A. (2012). Human Resource Development Climate and Employee Commitment in Recapitalized Nigerian Banks, International Journal of Business and Management, 7(5), 91-99.
• Bhatnagar, J. (2007). Predictors of organizational commitment in India: strategic HR roles, organizational learning capability and psychological empowerment, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(10), 1782-811.
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York, NY: John Wiley.
• Bozeman, D. B. & Perrewe, P. L (2001), The Effect of Item Content Overlap on Organizational Commitment Questionnaire: Turnover Cognitions Relationships, Journal of Applied Psychology: 86, 16-25.
• Çekmecelioglu, G. H., (2006). Effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on creativity. Iktisat Isletme ve Finans: 21(243), 120-131. Çekmecelioglu, G.H. & Eren, E. (2007). Psikolojik Güçlendirme, Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Yaratıcı Davranış Arasındaki İlişkilerin Değerlendirilmesi, Yönetim: 18 (57), 13-25.
• Chang, H., Chi, N. & Miao, M. (2007). Testing the Relationship between Three-component Organizational/Occupational Commitment and Organizational Occupational Turnover Intention Using a Non-recursive Model, Journal of Vocational Behavior: 70, 352-368.
• Chang, S., Jia, L., Takeuchi, R., & Cai, Y. (2014). Do high-commitment work systems affect creativity? A multilevel combinational approach to employee creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology: 99, 665–680.
• Chen, ZX & Francesco, AM (2003). The Relationship Between the Three Components of Commitment and Employee Performance in China. Journal of Vocational Behavior: 62, 490-510.
• Chen, L.Y. (2002). An examination of the relationship between leadership behavior and organizational commitment at steel companies, The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship: 7(2), 122-142.
• Clugston, M. (2000). The Mediating Effects of Multidimensional Commitment on Job Satisfaction and intent to Leave. Journal of Organizational Behavior: 21, 477-486.
• Cohen A. (1993). Age and Tenure in Relation to Organizational Commitment: A Meta-Analysis, Basic and Applied Social Psychology: 14(2), 143-159.
• Concha, A. (2009). The impact of role stress on workers’ behaviour through job satisfaction and organizational commitment, Internatıonal Journal of Psychology: 44 (3), 187–194.
• Dale, K. & Fox, M.L. (2008). Leadership style and organizational commitment: mediating effect of role stress”, Journal of Managerial Issues, 20(1), 109-130.
• Darcy, Mc.C., Gian, C., Nikola, D. & Li, Y. (2009). Workplace Bullying and Intention to Leave Among Schoolteachers in China: The Mediating Effect of Affective Commitment, Journal of Applied Social Psychology: 39(9), 2106–2127.
• Dodd-McCue, D. & Wright, G. B. (1996). Men, Women & Attitudinal Commitment: The Effects of Workplace Experiences and Socialization. Human Relations: 49, 1065-1089.
• Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology: 75(1), 51- 59.
• Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology: 86(1), 42-51.
• Fauziah N., Safiah O., Syakirarohan S. & Shukriah I. (2010). Organizational Climate And It. Influence On Employee Commitment, International Business & Economics Research Journal: 2, 1-9.
• Flynn, D.M. & Tannebaum, S., (1993). The relationship between job characteristics and organizational commitment: Differences in the public and private sector. Journal of Psychology and Business: 8(1): 103 - 116.
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review: 25, 161–178.
• Hackman, J.R. & Oldham, G.R., (1976). Motivating through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behaviour and Performance: 16, 250 - 279.
• Harrison, D, Newman, D. & Roth, P. (2006). How Important are Job Attitudes? Meta-analytic Comparisons of Integrative Behavioral Outcomes and Time Sequences, Academy of Management Journal: 49, 305-325.
• Henkin, A.B. & Marchiori, D.M. (2003). Empowerment and organizational commitment of chiropractic faculty, Journal of Manipulative and Psychological Therapeutics, 26 (5), 275-81.
• Işık, Ö.G. (2015). A Research on the Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Cynicism , İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi: 40, 78-97.
• Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J.P. & Marshall, G.W. (2005). A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Salesperson Job Performance: 25 Years of Research. Journal of Business Research: 58, 705-714.
• Jui-Chen, C., Colin, S. & Jung-Yao, H. (2006). Organization communication, job stress, organizational commitment, and job performance of accounting professionals in Taiwan and America, Leadership & Organization Development Journal: 27 (4), 242-249.
• Jyoti, J. (2013). Impact of Organizational Climate on Job Satisfaction, Job Commitment and Intention to Leave: An Empirical Model, Journal of Business Theory and Practice: 1(1), 66-82.
• Kalliath, T. J., O’Driscoll, M. P., & Gillespie, D. F. (1998). The relationship between burnout and organizational commitment in two samples of health professionals. Work and Stress: 12(2), 179-185.
• Kent, A. & Chelladurai, P. (2001). Perceived transformational leadership, organizational commitment and citizenship behavior: A case study in intercollegiate athletics. J. Sport Manage.: 15(2), 135-159.
• Khan, I., Khan, F., Khan, H., Nawaz, A., & Yar, N.B. (2013). Determining the demographic impacts on the organizational commitment of academicians in the HEIs of DCs like Pakistan. European Journal of Sustainable Development: 2(2), 117-130.
• King, R. & Sethi, V. (1997). The moderating effect of organizational commitment on burnout in information systems professionals. European Journal of Information Systems: 6(2): 86-96.
• Lambert, E., Hogan, N., Paoline, E., & Clarke, A. (2005). The impact of role stressors on job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among private prison staff. Security Journal: 18, 33-50.
• Lee, J. (2004). Effects of leadership and leader-member exchange on commitment. Leadersh. Org. Dev. J.: 26, 655-672.
• Mathieu, J. E., Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates and Consequences of Organizational Commitment, Psychological Bulletin, 108 (2), 171-194.
• Marsden, P. V., Kalleberg, A. L. & Cook, C. R. (1993). Gender differences in organizational commitment: Influences of work positions and family roles. Work and Occupations: 20(3), 368-390.
• March, R. & Mannari, H. (1977). Organisational Commitment and Turnover: A Prediction Study. Administrative Science Quarterly: 22, 57-67.
• Mitchell, T.R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T.W., Sablynski, C.J. & Erez, M, (2001). Why People Stay: Using Job Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover, Academy of Management Journal: 44, 1102-1121.
• Mrinali, T. (2015). A Study of Organizational Commitment with reference to Marital Status of Indian Nursing Staff, American Journal of Trade and Policy: 2(1), 19-28.
• Mowday, R., Porter, l. W., & Steers, R.M (1982). Employee-Organizational Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover: Academic Press: New York.
• Negin M., Omid M., & Ahmad B.M., (2013). The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Employees job performance. A study of Meli Bank. International Journal of Contemporary Research in Business: 5, 164-171.
• Nifadkar, R. S. & Dongre, A. P. (2014). To Study the Impact of Job Satisfaction and Demographic Factors on Organizational Commitment among Girls’ College, Pune, India, Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research: 3, 1-8.
• Pala F., Eker, S., & Eker, M.(2008). The Effects of Demographic Characteristics on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Turkish Health Care Staff, The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 10, 54-75.
• Porter, W.L., Crampon W.J. & Smith, J.F., (2003). Organizational commitment and managerial turnovers: Alongitudinal study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance:15(1),87-89.
• Porter L.W, Steers R.M. & Mowday R.T., (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology: 59, 603- 609.
• Qaisar, M.U., Rehman M.S., & Suffyan, M. (2012). Exploring Effects of Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance: Implications for Human Resource Strategy. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business: 3, 248-255.
• Rabindarang S., Bing K.W. & Yin, K.Y. (2014). The Impact of Demographic Factors on Organizational Commitment in Technical and Vocational Education, Malaysian Journal of Research: 2, 56-61.
• Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. & Armeli, S. (2001), Affective commitment to the organization: the contribution of perceived organizational support, Journal of Applied Psychology: 86(5), 825-36.
• Riketta 0. M. (2002). Attitudinal Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: a Meta-Analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior: 23, 257-266.
• Settoon, R. P., Benett, N., & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader, member exchange and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology: 81(3), 219-227.
• Shibeika, A. M. (2016). The Impact of Job Satisfaction on Facet of Organizational Commitment (Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment): A Study of Banking Sector Employees of Sudan. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management: 2(5), 2395-4396.
• Siders, M.A., George, G., & Dharwadkar R. (2001). The Relationship of Internal and External Commitment Foci to Objective Job Performance Measures. Academy of Management Journal: 44, 570-579.
• Sneed, J. & Herman, C.M. (1990). Influence Of Job Characteristics And Organizational Commitment On Job Satisfaction Of Hospital Foodservice Employees, J Am Diet Assoc: (8), 1072-1076.
• Subramaniam, N., McManus, L., & Mia, L. (2002). Enhancing hotel managers’ organisational commitment: an investigation of the impact of structure, need for achievement and participative budgeting, Hospitality Management: 21, 303–320
• Subramaniam, N., & Mia, L. (2001). The Relation between Decentralised Structure, Budgetary Participation and Organisational Commitment: The Moderating Role of Mangers’ Value Orientation towards Innovation, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal: 14(1), 12-29.
• Swailes, S. (2000). Goals, Creativity and Achievement: Commitment in Contemporary Organizations. Creativity and Innovation Management: 9 (3), 185-194.
• Tan, D.S. & Akhtar, S. (1998). Organizational commitment and experienced burnout: an exploratory study from a Chinese cultural perspective. Int J Organ Anal; 6, 310–33. 
• Tepper, B. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal: 43, 178–190.
• Tsui, K., Leung, T., Cheung, Y., Mok, H., & Ho, W., (1994). The relationship of teacher’s organizational commitment to their perceived organizational health and personal characteristics in primary schools. CUHK Journal of Primary Education, 4 (2), 27-41.
• Wasti, S. (2003). Organizational commitment, turnover intentions, and the influence of cultural values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 76, 303–321.
• Williams L. & Anderson S.E (1991). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-role Behaviors. Journal of Management: 17, 601-617.
• Wolfgang, M. (2017). The role of gender in building organisational commitment in India’s services sourcing industry, IIMB Management Review: 29, 188–202.
• Wright, T.A. & Hobfoll, S.E. (2004). Commitment, psychological well-being and job performance: An examination of conservation of resources (COR) theory and job burnout. Journal of Business and Management: 9(4), 389-406.