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The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 49 - 53, 22.12.2018

Abstract

Coral reefs are one of the most important marine ecosystems around the world. This ecosystem is the breeding and living ground for vast of animals including corals, fish, mollusks and even sea turtles and dolphins. There is a disaster which is raising more and more by natural effects and more importantly by human origin. Global warming and consequently raising heat endangers the life of living organisms especially immobile ones. Coral reefs belong to the sessile animals that cannot move, migrate or defend themselves as strongly as advanced organisms. Different stressors such as thermal shock result in bleaching coral reefs so that the symbiont algae (zooxanthellae) does not return to the colony which ends to corals’ death. Coral Reefs of the Persian Gulf are not the exception and they have been bleached severely during last few years. The study was done by direct observation and via SCUBA diving and photography. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data were achieved by NOAA satellite and they were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2010. Typically, water temperature rises from March to middle of August and decreases again toward December. The most severe bleaching happened in August 2015 in Northern Larak Island while the water temperature was 32.60 ᵒC. However, the water temperature was high even in January, February and March to 22.84 ᵒC. The highest temperature during August 2017 (32.81 ᵒC) was another bleaching peak for North and Eastern Larak Island corals. During this catastrophe in 2017, more than 90% of genus Acropora and more than 80% of genus Porites were bleached. There was a recovery status in bleached corals in 2018 but dead corals never recovered. Although there are resistant corals in the coral reef ecosystem, heat is a certain stress which can ruin the ecosystem.

References

  • E.Y. Kwon, F. Primeau, and J.L. Sarmiento. The impact of remineralization depth on the air-sea carbon balance. Nat. Geosci. 2 (2009), pp. 630–635.
  • J.P. Gattuso, A. Magnan, R. Billé, W.W.L. Cheung, E.L. Howes, F. Joos, D. Allemand, L. Bopp, S.R. Cooley, C.M. Eakin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, R.P. Kelly, H.O. Pörtner, A.D. Rogers, J.M. Baxter, D. Laffoley, D. Osborn, A. Rankovic, J. Rochette, U.R. Sumaila, S. Treyer, and C. Turley. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. Science, 349 (2015), pp. aac4722 (1-10)
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  • C.T. Perry, G.N. Murphy, P.S. Kench, S.G. Smithers, E.N. Edinger, R.S. Steneck, and P.J. Mumby. Caribbean- wide decline in carbonate production threatens coral reef growth. Nat. Commun, 4 (2013) 1402
  • J.M. Pandolfi, S.R. Connolly, D.J. Marshall, and A.L. Cohen. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333 (2011), pp. 418–422
  • K. Olsen, R. Riston-Williams, J.D. Ochrietor, V.J. Paul, and C. Ross. Detecting hyperthermal stress in larvae of the hermatypic coral Porites astreoides: the suitability of using biomarkers of oxidative stress versus heat-shock protein transcriptional expression. Marine Biology 10 (2013), pp. 2609-2618.
  • A. Reyes-Bermudez, Z. Lin, D.C. Hayward, D.J. Miller, and E.E. Ball. Differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (2009)
  • C. Shinzato, E. Shoguchi, T. Kawashima, M. Hamada, K. Hisata, M. Tanaka, M. Fujie, F. Mayuki, R. Koyanagi, T. Ikuta, A. Fujiyama, D.J. Miller, and N. Satoh. Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change. Nature, 476 (2011), pp. 320–323.
  • T.M. DeCarlo, A.L. Cohen, G.T.F. Wong, K.A. Davis, P. Lohmann, and K. Soong. “Mass coral mortality under local amplification of 2°C ocean warming’. Nature. Scientific reports (2017), pp.1-9.
  • O. Hoegh-Guldberg. Coral bleaching, climate change and the future of the world’s coral reef. Mar Freshw Res, 50 (1999), pp. 839–866.
  • T.D. Ainsworth, M. Fine, G. Roff, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. Bacteria are not the primary cause of bleaching in the Mediterranean coral Oculina patagonica. The International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal, 2 (2008), pp. 67-73
  • W. Leggat, T.D. Ainsworth, S. Dove, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, Aerial exposure influences coral bleaching patterns. Coral Reefs 25 (2006), pp. 452.
  • A.C. Baker, C.J. Starger, T.R. McClanahan, and P.W. Glynn. Corals’ adaptive response to climate change. Brief communications. NATURE, 430 (2004)
  • P. Ghavam Mostafavi, S. Fatemi, M. Shahhosseiny, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and W. Loh. Predominance of clade D Symbiodinium in shallow-water reef-building corals off Kish and Larak Islands (Persian Gulf, Iran). Mar Biol, 153 (2007), pp. 25–34.
  • T.C. LaJeunesse, D.C. Wham, D.T. Pettay, J.E. Parkinson, S. Keshavmurthy, and C.A. Chen. Ecologically differentiated stress-tolerant endosymbionts in the dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) clade D are different species. Phycologia, 53 (2014), pp. 305–319.
  • T.P. Hughes, J.T. Kerry, M. Álvarez-Noriega, J.G. Álvarez-Romero, K.D. Anderson, A.H. Baird, R.C. Babcock, M. Beger, D.R. Bellwood, R. Berkelmans, T.C. Bridge, I.R. Butler, M. Byrne, N.E. Cantin, S. Comeau, S.R. Connolly, G.S. Cumming, S.J. Dalton, G. Diaz-Pulido, C.M. Eakin, W.F. Figueira, J.P. Gilmour, H.B. Harrison, S.F. Heron, A.S. Hoey, J.A. Hobbs, M.O. Hoogenboom, E.V. Kennedy, C. Kuo, J.M. Lough, R.J. Lowe, G. Liu, M.T. McCulloch, H.A. Malcolm, M.J. McWilliam, J.M. Pandolfi, R.J. Pears, M.S. Pratchett, V. Schoepf, T. Simpson, W.J. Skirving, B. Sommer, G. Torda, D.R. Wachenfeld, B.L. Willis and S.K. Wilson. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature, 543 (2017), pp. 373-385.
  • C.R.C. Sheppard, A.R.G. Price, and C.J. Roberts. Marine ecology of the Arabian area. Patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments. Academic Press: London (1992).
  • S.L. Coles. Coral species diversity and environmental factors in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman: A comparison to the Indo-Pacific region. Atoll Res Bull, 507 (2003), pp. J1–J19.
  • C.R.C. Sheppard. Coral mortality and recovery in response to increasing temperature in the southern Arabian Gulf. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manage, 5 (2002), pp. 395–402.
  • J.A. Burt, K. Al-Khalifa, E. Khalaf, B. Alshuwaikh, A. Abdulwahab. The continuing decline of coral reefs in Bahrain. Mar Pollut Bull, 72 (2013), pp. 357–363.
  • S.L. Coles, and B.M. Riegl. Thermal tolerances of reef corals in the Gulf: a review of the potential for increasing coral survival and adaptation to climate change through assisted translocation. Mar Pollut Bull, 72 (2013), pp. 323–332.
  • B. Hume, C. D’Angelo, J. Burt, A. Baker, B. Riegl, and J. Wiedenmann. Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reefbuilders: prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance. Mar Pollut Bull, 72 (2013), pp. 313–322.
  • J.F. Bruno, and E.R. Selig. Regional decline of coral cover in the indo-pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS ONE, 2 (2007), e711.
  • S. Ramachandran, P. Keegstra, R.L. Vogel, M. Soracco and K. Hughes. Ocean color products validation at NOAA CoastWatch. 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE (2014).
  • T.P. Hughes, A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J.B. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J.M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nyström, S.R. Palumbi, J.M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden. Climate change, human impacts and the resilience of Coral Reefs. Science, 301 (2003), pp. 929–933.
  • S.D. Donner, W.J. Skirving, C.M. Little, M. Oppenheimer, O. Hoegh-Guldberg. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Global change Biol, 11 (2005), pp. 251–2265.
  • A. Kushmaro, E. Bani, Y. Loya, E. Stackebrandt, E. Rosenberg. Vibrio shiloi sp nov the causative agent of bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica. Int J Syst Evol Micro, 51 (2001), pp. 1383–1388.
  • J.M. Pandolfi, & J.B.C. Jackson. Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs. Ecol. Lett. 9 (2006), pp. 818–826.
  • R.B. Aronson, W.F. Precht. White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiol, 460 (2001), pp. 25-38
  • P.J. Edmunds and R. Elahi. The demographics of a 15-year decline in cover of the Caribbean reef coral Montastraea annularis. Ecol. Monogr. 77 (2007), pp. 3–18.
  • L. Alvarez-Filip, N.K. Dulvy, I.M. Cote, A.R. Watkinson. Coral identity underpins reef complexity on Caribbean reefs. Ecol. App. 21 (2011), pp. 2223–2231.
  • F. Moberg, M. Nystrom, N. Kautsky, M. Tedengren, and P.Jarayabhand. “Effects of reduced salinity on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in the hermatypic corals Porites lutea and Pocillopora damicornis”. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 157 (1997), pp. 53–59
  • J.K. Oliver, R. Berkelmans, and C.M. Eakin. in Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis (eds van Oppen, M. J. H. & Lough, J. M.) (2009) pp. 21–39
  • C.M. Eakin, G. Liu, A.M. Gomaz, J.L.De La Cour, S.F. Heron, W.J. Skirving, E.F. Geiger, K.V. Tirak, and A.E. Strong. Global coral bleaching 2014–2017. Reef Currents, 31 (2016), 1
  • K.D. Castillo, J.B. Ries, J.M. Weiss, and F.P. Lima. Decline of forereef corals in response to recent warming linked to history of thermal exposure. Nature Climate Change, 2 (2012), pp. 756-760
  • C.A. Logan, J.P. Dunne, C.M. Eakin, and S.D. Donner. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Global Change Biol, 20 (2014), pp. 125–139.
Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 49 - 53, 22.12.2018

Abstract

References

  • E.Y. Kwon, F. Primeau, and J.L. Sarmiento. The impact of remineralization depth on the air-sea carbon balance. Nat. Geosci. 2 (2009), pp. 630–635.
  • J.P. Gattuso, A. Magnan, R. Billé, W.W.L. Cheung, E.L. Howes, F. Joos, D. Allemand, L. Bopp, S.R. Cooley, C.M. Eakin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, R.P. Kelly, H.O. Pörtner, A.D. Rogers, J.M. Baxter, D. Laffoley, D. Osborn, A. Rankovic, J. Rochette, U.R. Sumaila, S. Treyer, and C. Turley. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. Science, 349 (2015), pp. aac4722 (1-10)
  • L. Alvarez-Filip, J.P. Carricart-Ganivet, G. Horta-Puga, and R. Iglesias-Prieto. Shifts in coral-assemblage composition do not ensure persistence of reef functionality. Sci. Rep. 3 (2013), 3486
  • E.V. Kennedy, C.T. Perry, P.R. Halloran, R.I. Prieto, C.H.L. Schönberg, M. Wisshak, A.U. Form, J.P. Carricart-Ganivet, M. Fine, C. MarkEakin, and P.J. Mumby. Avoiding coral reef functional collapse requires local and global action. Curr. Biol. 23 (2013), pp. 912–918.
  • C.T. Perry, G.N. Murphy, P.S. Kench, S.G. Smithers, E.N. Edinger, R.S. Steneck, and P.J. Mumby. Caribbean- wide decline in carbonate production threatens coral reef growth. Nat. Commun, 4 (2013) 1402
  • J.M. Pandolfi, S.R. Connolly, D.J. Marshall, and A.L. Cohen. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333 (2011), pp. 418–422
  • K. Olsen, R. Riston-Williams, J.D. Ochrietor, V.J. Paul, and C. Ross. Detecting hyperthermal stress in larvae of the hermatypic coral Porites astreoides: the suitability of using biomarkers of oxidative stress versus heat-shock protein transcriptional expression. Marine Biology 10 (2013), pp. 2609-2618.
  • A. Reyes-Bermudez, Z. Lin, D.C. Hayward, D.J. Miller, and E.E. Ball. Differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (2009)
  • C. Shinzato, E. Shoguchi, T. Kawashima, M. Hamada, K. Hisata, M. Tanaka, M. Fujie, F. Mayuki, R. Koyanagi, T. Ikuta, A. Fujiyama, D.J. Miller, and N. Satoh. Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change. Nature, 476 (2011), pp. 320–323.
  • T.M. DeCarlo, A.L. Cohen, G.T.F. Wong, K.A. Davis, P. Lohmann, and K. Soong. “Mass coral mortality under local amplification of 2°C ocean warming’. Nature. Scientific reports (2017), pp.1-9.
  • O. Hoegh-Guldberg. Coral bleaching, climate change and the future of the world’s coral reef. Mar Freshw Res, 50 (1999), pp. 839–866.
  • T.D. Ainsworth, M. Fine, G. Roff, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. Bacteria are not the primary cause of bleaching in the Mediterranean coral Oculina patagonica. The International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal, 2 (2008), pp. 67-73
  • W. Leggat, T.D. Ainsworth, S. Dove, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, Aerial exposure influences coral bleaching patterns. Coral Reefs 25 (2006), pp. 452.
  • A.C. Baker, C.J. Starger, T.R. McClanahan, and P.W. Glynn. Corals’ adaptive response to climate change. Brief communications. NATURE, 430 (2004)
  • P. Ghavam Mostafavi, S. Fatemi, M. Shahhosseiny, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and W. Loh. Predominance of clade D Symbiodinium in shallow-water reef-building corals off Kish and Larak Islands (Persian Gulf, Iran). Mar Biol, 153 (2007), pp. 25–34.
  • T.C. LaJeunesse, D.C. Wham, D.T. Pettay, J.E. Parkinson, S. Keshavmurthy, and C.A. Chen. Ecologically differentiated stress-tolerant endosymbionts in the dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) clade D are different species. Phycologia, 53 (2014), pp. 305–319.
  • T.P. Hughes, J.T. Kerry, M. Álvarez-Noriega, J.G. Álvarez-Romero, K.D. Anderson, A.H. Baird, R.C. Babcock, M. Beger, D.R. Bellwood, R. Berkelmans, T.C. Bridge, I.R. Butler, M. Byrne, N.E. Cantin, S. Comeau, S.R. Connolly, G.S. Cumming, S.J. Dalton, G. Diaz-Pulido, C.M. Eakin, W.F. Figueira, J.P. Gilmour, H.B. Harrison, S.F. Heron, A.S. Hoey, J.A. Hobbs, M.O. Hoogenboom, E.V. Kennedy, C. Kuo, J.M. Lough, R.J. Lowe, G. Liu, M.T. McCulloch, H.A. Malcolm, M.J. McWilliam, J.M. Pandolfi, R.J. Pears, M.S. Pratchett, V. Schoepf, T. Simpson, W.J. Skirving, B. Sommer, G. Torda, D.R. Wachenfeld, B.L. Willis and S.K. Wilson. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature, 543 (2017), pp. 373-385.
  • C.R.C. Sheppard, A.R.G. Price, and C.J. Roberts. Marine ecology of the Arabian area. Patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments. Academic Press: London (1992).
  • S.L. Coles. Coral species diversity and environmental factors in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman: A comparison to the Indo-Pacific region. Atoll Res Bull, 507 (2003), pp. J1–J19.
  • C.R.C. Sheppard. Coral mortality and recovery in response to increasing temperature in the southern Arabian Gulf. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manage, 5 (2002), pp. 395–402.
  • J.A. Burt, K. Al-Khalifa, E. Khalaf, B. Alshuwaikh, A. Abdulwahab. The continuing decline of coral reefs in Bahrain. Mar Pollut Bull, 72 (2013), pp. 357–363.
  • S.L. Coles, and B.M. Riegl. Thermal tolerances of reef corals in the Gulf: a review of the potential for increasing coral survival and adaptation to climate change through assisted translocation. Mar Pollut Bull, 72 (2013), pp. 323–332.
  • B. Hume, C. D’Angelo, J. Burt, A. Baker, B. Riegl, and J. Wiedenmann. Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reefbuilders: prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance. Mar Pollut Bull, 72 (2013), pp. 313–322.
  • J.F. Bruno, and E.R. Selig. Regional decline of coral cover in the indo-pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS ONE, 2 (2007), e711.
  • S. Ramachandran, P. Keegstra, R.L. Vogel, M. Soracco and K. Hughes. Ocean color products validation at NOAA CoastWatch. 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE (2014).
  • T.P. Hughes, A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J.B. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J.M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nyström, S.R. Palumbi, J.M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden. Climate change, human impacts and the resilience of Coral Reefs. Science, 301 (2003), pp. 929–933.
  • S.D. Donner, W.J. Skirving, C.M. Little, M. Oppenheimer, O. Hoegh-Guldberg. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Global change Biol, 11 (2005), pp. 251–2265.
  • A. Kushmaro, E. Bani, Y. Loya, E. Stackebrandt, E. Rosenberg. Vibrio shiloi sp nov the causative agent of bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica. Int J Syst Evol Micro, 51 (2001), pp. 1383–1388.
  • J.M. Pandolfi, & J.B.C. Jackson. Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs. Ecol. Lett. 9 (2006), pp. 818–826.
  • R.B. Aronson, W.F. Precht. White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiol, 460 (2001), pp. 25-38
  • P.J. Edmunds and R. Elahi. The demographics of a 15-year decline in cover of the Caribbean reef coral Montastraea annularis. Ecol. Monogr. 77 (2007), pp. 3–18.
  • L. Alvarez-Filip, N.K. Dulvy, I.M. Cote, A.R. Watkinson. Coral identity underpins reef complexity on Caribbean reefs. Ecol. App. 21 (2011), pp. 2223–2231.
  • F. Moberg, M. Nystrom, N. Kautsky, M. Tedengren, and P.Jarayabhand. “Effects of reduced salinity on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in the hermatypic corals Porites lutea and Pocillopora damicornis”. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 157 (1997), pp. 53–59
  • J.K. Oliver, R. Berkelmans, and C.M. Eakin. in Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis (eds van Oppen, M. J. H. & Lough, J. M.) (2009) pp. 21–39
  • C.M. Eakin, G. Liu, A.M. Gomaz, J.L.De La Cour, S.F. Heron, W.J. Skirving, E.F. Geiger, K.V. Tirak, and A.E. Strong. Global coral bleaching 2014–2017. Reef Currents, 31 (2016), 1
  • K.D. Castillo, J.B. Ries, J.M. Weiss, and F.P. Lima. Decline of forereef corals in response to recent warming linked to history of thermal exposure. Nature Climate Change, 2 (2012), pp. 756-760
  • C.A. Logan, J.P. Dunne, C.M. Eakin, and S.D. Donner. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Global Change Biol, 20 (2014), pp. 125–139.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Pegah Javıd This is me

Maryam Soyouf Jahromı This is me

Mohammad Sharif Ranjbar This is me

Publication Date December 22, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Javıd, P., Soyouf Jahromı, M., & Ranjbar, M. S. (2018). The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research, 1(3), 49-53.
AMA Javıd P, Soyouf Jahromı M, Ranjbar MS. The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018. IJVAR. December 2018;1(3):49-53.
Chicago Javıd, Pegah, Maryam Soyouf Jahromı, and Mohammad Sharif Ranjbar. “The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018”. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research 1, no. 3 (December 2018): 49-53.
EndNote Javıd P, Soyouf Jahromı M, Ranjbar MS (December 1, 2018) The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research 1 3 49–53.
IEEE P. Javıd, M. Soyouf Jahromı, and M. S. Ranjbar, “The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018”, IJVAR, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 49–53, 2018.
ISNAD Javıd, Pegah et al. “The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018”. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research 1/3 (December 2018), 49-53.
JAMA Javıd P, Soyouf Jahromı M, Ranjbar MS. The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018. IJVAR. 2018;1:49–53.
MLA Javıd, Pegah et al. “The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018”. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research, vol. 1, no. 3, 2018, pp. 49-53.
Vancouver Javıd P, Soyouf Jahromı M, Ranjbar MS. The Status of Coral Reefs in The Larak Island, Persian Gulf, from 2012 to 2018. IJVAR. 2018;1(3):49-53.