Some Methods of Water Conservation in Agriculture which may also be Integrated to Achieve Higher Productivity and Quality Ecologically II. Some Methods and Their Physiological Bases of Benefits

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 52 - 74, 15.01.2021

A. Ergin Duygu

Abstract

Plant growth and productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) in terms of physiology and crop productivity are the results of many interrelated and complex factors, some of which are being changed by global warming. The vast majority of plant propagators have limited power of interference and control of these factors at natural conditions, especially under the pressure of cost-profit ratio and environmental concerns. It will be attempted to review some promising methods, their outstanding performances and potentials in terms of productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) within the framework of sustainable agriculture at constantly changing climatic conditions and to attract attention to the potential of integrating some of them for higher water economy and productivity to attract attention to the possible benefits of using artificial intelligence in meta-analytical approaches to the challenging meta-problems, by integrating the prospective advancements obtained by researchers all over the world. In the third section, some prospective ecological approaches to agricultural ecosystems for integral and economic solutions to the growing problems in the era of global warming and population growth. The purpose of the study will be to draw attention to the possibility of alleviation of the growing worldwide problems in agricultural production to some extend by the integration of some methods, techniques deserving higher interest and wider practical applications considering billions of people living in rural areas and depending on their agricultural production, and also the locus of food production.

Keywords

Plant physiology, global warming, ecological agriculture, water economy

References

• AFCD (2014) Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP) Awareness, Mainstreaming and Sustainability Working Group Traditional Knowledge Focus Group-Final Report (English Summary) https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/Con_hkbsap/bsap_links_to_resources/files/Final_Report_Traditional_Knowledge_FG_eng_summary.pdf Accessed 6 Nov. 2020
• Ahanger, M. A., Morad-Talab, N., Abd-Allah, E.F. et al. (2016) Plant growth under drought stress: Significance of mineral nutrients. In: Ahmad, P. (Ed.)Water Stress and Crop Plants: A Sustainable Approach, Vol. 2. Ch. 37, pp. 649-668. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DOI - 10.1002/9781119054450.ch37 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304479896
• Ahmad, P., Jaleel, C. A. Salem, M. A.et al.(2010) Roles of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stres. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 30: 161–175. ISSN 1549-7801 online. DOI: 10.3109/07388550903524243
• Allan, J. D. & Castillo, M. M. Ed.s (2007) Primary Producers. In: Stream Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5583-6_ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-5583-6_6
• Anjum, S. A. , Xie, X., Wang, L. et al.(2011) Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stres. African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 6, pp. 2026-2032. DOI: 10.5897/AJAR10.027 ISSN 1991-637X, http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR
• Barrangou, R. (2015) The roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond. Current Opinion in Immunology. 32: 36–41. doi:10. 1016/j.coi.2014.12.008. PMID 25574773
• Biagianti-Risbourg, S., Paris-Palacios, S., Mouneyrac C., et al. (2013) Pollution Acclimation, Adaptation, Resistance, and Tolerance in Ecotoxicology. In: Férard J. F. & Blaise C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology. Springer, Dordrecht https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5704-2_81
• Boivin, S., Fonouni-Farde, C. & Frugier, F. (2010) How Auxin and Cytokinin Phytohormones Modulate Root Microbe Interactions. Frontiers in Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01240 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.01240/full
• Bouchie, A. (2002) Organic farmers sue GMO producers. Nature Biotechnology.20:210, Business &Regulatory News. https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0302-210.pdf
• Cai, Y., Chen, L., Liu, X. et al. (2017) CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated targeted mutagenesis of GmFT2a delays flowering time in soya bean. Plant Biotechnology Jour. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12758 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pbi.12758
• Cavagnaro, T. R., FranzBender, S., Asghari, H. R., et al. (2015) The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in reducing soil nutrient loss. Trends in Plant Science.20,.283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.004 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1360138515000564
• Cohen, J.(2020) The latest round in the CRISPR patent battle has an apparent victor, but the fight continues https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/latest-round-crispr-patent-battle-has-apparent-victor-fight-continues Accessed 6 Nov. 2020
• Copaciu, F. O. Opriş, Ü. Niinemets, et al. (2016) Toxic influence of key organic soil pollutants on the total flavonoid content in wheat leaves. Water Air Soil Pollut. ; 227: 196. doi:10.1007/s11270-016-2888-x www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov› pmc › articles › PMC5788277
• Dewan, M. M., Ghisalbertib, E. L.& Rowland C. (1994) Reduction of symptoms of take-all of wheat and rye-grass seedlings by the soil-borne fungus Sordaria fimicola. Applied Soil Ecology, 1: Pages 45-51 https://doi.org/10.1016/0929-1393(94)90022-1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0929139394900221
• Dubey, A., Kumar, A. & Khan, M. A. (2020) Biology and Physiological Responses to Environmental Stresses In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Araújo, S & Gill, S. S. (Eds.) The Plant Family Fabaceae, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4752-2 ; https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-15-4752-2
• Duque, A. S., Almeida, A. M, Silva, A. B. et al. (2013) Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants: Unraveling the Complexity of Genes and Networks to Survive. In “Abiotic Stress” Vahdati, K. & Leslie, C. Eds. Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52779. https://www.intechopen.com/books/abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture/abiotic-stress-responses-in-plants-unraveling-the-complexity-of-genes-and-networks-to-survive
• Egelie, K. J., Graff, G. D, Strand, S. P. et al. (2016) Patents/ The emerging patent landscape of CRISPR–Cas.gene.editing.technology..Nature.Biotechnology,.34;.1025-31. https://www.econ.iastate.edu/files/events/files/egelie_et_al_patent_landscape_of_crispr-cas_nature_biotech_2016.pdf
• Fahad, S., Bajwa A. A., Nazir, U. et al. (2017) Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options. Front. Plant Sci., https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147, www.academia.edu› Crop_Production_under_Drought_and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Mana gement Options.
• FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization. Putting Farmers at the Center to achieve the Sustainable.Development.Goals– SDGs. FAO http://www.fao.org/3/ca4532en/CA4532EN.pdf
• Feller, U & Vaseva, I (2014) Frontiers in Environmental Science/Agroecology and Land Use Systems, 2: 1-17 doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2014.00039
• Frankfield, J. (2020) Artificial Intelligence (AI). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-intelligence-ai.asp. Accessed 6 November 2020
• Friedrichs, S., Takasu, Y., Kearns, P. et al. (2019). Meeting report of the OECD conference on “Genome Editing: Applications in Agriculture—Implications for Health, Environment and Regulation”. Transgenic Res. 28, 419–463 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-019-00154-1 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11248-019-00154-1
• Geng,,S.,.Yan,.D.,.Zhang,.T..et.al.(2015)..Effects.of.drought.stress.on.agriculture.soil..Natural.Hazards 75..doi.10.1007/s11069-014-1409-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269577984_Effects_of_drought_stress_on_agriculture_soil
• Hac-Wydro and Flasinski (2015) The studies on the toxicity mechanism of environmentally hazardous natural (IAA) and synthetic (NAA) auxin – The experiments on model Arabidopsis thaliana and rat liver plasma membranes. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces 130. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.064
• Hanafy A., Khalil, M.K., Ei-Rahman, A.M. et al. (2012) Effect of zinc, tryptophan and indole acetic acid on growth, yield and chemical composition of Valencia orange trees. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 8. 901-914. ISSN 1819-544X https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio/287466965
• Hasnain, Z.; Bakhsh, I; Hussain, A. et al. (2020) Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Irrigation Regimes Influence Paddy Yield and its Economics under Arid Conditions. Planta daninha 38. On-line version ISSN.1806-9681..http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7089-5784;.https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-3582020380100007
• Hassan, M. U., Aamer, M., Chattha, M., U. el al. (2020) The Critical Role of Zinc in Plants Facing the Drought Stress. Agriculture, 10, 0396; doi:10.3390/agriculture10090396 www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture
• Huang, S., Yang, J., Fong, S. et al. (2020) Artificial intelligence in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: Opportunities and challenges. Cancer Letters, 471; 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.007 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304383519306135
• IAEA.–.International.Atomic.Energy.Agency.(2020).Smart.farming.Technologies. https://www.iaea.org/topics/development-of-smart-agricultural-practices Accessed 7 November 2020
• ICID.(2020).International.Commission.on.Irrigation.&.Drainage..Second.Green.Revolution. https://www.icid.org/second_g_revolution.html Accessed 7 November 2020
• IPOGEA (2017) Research Center on Local and Traditional Knowledge, Curriculum and Methodology https://www.ipogea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/curriculum-ipogea-bassa-2.pdf Accessed 7 November 2020
• IoT for All. Smart Farming. The Future of Agriculture (2020) https://www.iotforall.com/smart-farming-future-of-agriculture/ Accessed 7 November 2020
• Isabella, S. (‎2016) Chemotherapeutic effect of 3, 3′-Diindolylmethane encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles on 7, 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced mammary cancer – A dose dependent study. New Horizons in Translational Medicine. 3: pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhtm.2016.04.001
• Jalil, S. U. & Ansari, M. I. (2020) Stress Implications and Crop Productivity. Pp. 74-82. In: Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives Vol. I.; H., Mirza (Ed.) ISBN 978-981-15-2156-0. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811521553
• Klavina L., Springe, G., Nikolajeva, V. et al. (2015) Chemical Composition Analysis, Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity Screening of Moss Extracts (Moss Phytochemistry). Molecules 20,17221-17243 doi:10.3390/molecules200917221 ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article
• Kloppers, R. (2020) In South Africa, the Gumbi have not only conserved essential biodiversity but created plenty of jobs in the process. https://africanarguments.org/2020/07/22/a-small-indigenous-group-offers-an-example-of-how-to-save-the-world Accessed 7 November 2020
• Leff, J. W., Bardgett,R. D., Wilkinson, A. et al. (2018) Predicting the structure of soil communities from plant community taxonomy, phylogeny, and traits. The ISME Journal 12(7)…………………………… DOI:10.1038/s41396-018-0089-x https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323664571_
• Liu, C-J., Zhao,Y. & Zhang, K.(2019) Cytokinin Transporters: Multisite Players in Cytokinin Homeostasis and Signal Distribution. Front Plant Sci. 2019; 10: 693. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00693 PMCID:PMC 6555093, PMID: 31214217
• Lo, P. (2013) Monsanto Bullies Small Farmers Over Planting Harvested GMO Seeds. Corpwatch. https://corpwatch.org/article/monsanto-bullies-small-farmers-over-planting-harvested-gmo-seeds Accessed 7 November 2020
• Maruthanila, V. L., Poornima, J. & Mirunalini, S. (2014) Attenuation of Carcinogenesis and the Mechanism Underlying by the Influence of Indole-3-carbinol and Its Metabolite 3,3'-Diindolylmethane: A Therapeutic Marvel . Adv. Pharmacol. Sci. 832161. doi: 10.1155/2014/832161
• Martin-Guay, M. , Paquette, A., Dupras, J, et al. (2017) The new Green Revolution: Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture by Intercropping. Science of the Total Environment, 615, 767–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.024 0048-9697
• Medrano, H., Tomas, S., Flexas, E. H. et al. (2015) From leaf to whole-plant water use efficiency (WUE) in complex canopies: Limitations of leaf WUE as a selection target. The Crop Journal 3: 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.04.002
• Merriam-Webster. Meta-analysis. Definition of Meta-analysis by Merriam-Webster. www.merriam-w www.merriam-webster.com ›dictionary › meta-analysis Accessed 7 November 2020
• Meli, P., Rey-Benayas, J.M. & Brancalion, P. H. S. (2019) Balancing land sharing and sparing approaches to promote forest and landscape restoration in agricultural landscapes: Land approaches for forest landscape restoration. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 17, 201-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.09.002;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530064419300100
• Muhanta, R. K. (2009) Norman Borlaug and Green Revolution. Agriculture Today, Dec. 56-57 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275019368_Norman_Borlaug_and_Green_Revolution
• Nelson, G. C., Valin, H., Sands, R. D. et al.(2014) Climate change effects on agriculture: Economic responses to biophysical shocks. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 111: 3274–3279 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1222465110
• Netting, A.G. (2000) pH, abscisic acid and the integration of metabolism in plants under stressed and non‐stressed conditions: cellular responses to stress and their implication for plant water relations. Journal.of.Experimental.Botany,.51:.147–158,.https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.343.147. https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/51/343/147/481122
• Pal, C., Dey,C., Kumar, S. et al. (2007) Eco-friendly synthesis and study of new plant growth promoters: 3,3'-Diindolylmethane and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 17: 4924-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.025. PMID: 17583501. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17583501/
• Papazian, S. & Blande, J. D. (2018) Dynamics of plant responses to combinations of air pollutants. Plant Biology,22: 68-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12953 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/plb.12953
• Peschard, K. E. (2019) Monsanto wins $7.7b lawsuit in Brazil – but farmers’ fight to stop its ‘amoral’ royalty system will continue. https://theconversation.com/monsanto-wins-7-7b-lawsuit-in-brazil-but-farmers-fight-to-stop-its-amoral-royalty-system-will-continue-125471
• Raza, E., Ashraf, F. Zou, X. et al. (2020) Plant Adaptation and Tolerance to Environmental Stresses: Mechanisms and Perspectives. In: Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives Vol. I.; pp. 118-136. H., Mirza (Ed.) ISBN 978-981-15-2156-0. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811521553
• Reddy, P. S. (2019) Breeding for Abiotic Stress Resistance in Sorghum. In: Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, In: Eds. Aruna, C., Visarada, K. B. R. S. & Tonapi, V. A., Woodhead Publishing Series in Food.Science,.Technology.and.Nutrition..Pages.325-340 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101879-8.00020-6 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000206
• Salazar, C., Hernández C., Pino, M. T. ( 2015) Plant water stress: Associations between ethylene and abscisic acid response. Chilean.J..Agric..Res..75.supl.1Chillán.ago.iVersión.On-line..ISSN 0718-5839 http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392015000300008
• Sett,,R..(2017).Responses,in.plants.exposed.to.dust.pollution..Horticult.,Internat..Jour..1:.53-56. https://medcraveonline.com/HIJ/responses-in-plants-exposed-to-dust-pollution.html DOI:10.15406/hij.2017.01.00010
• Shaikh, Z. A. (2017) Towards Sustainable Development: A Review of Green Technologies. Tr. Ren. Energy, 4, 1-14. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2018.4.1.0044, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321437473.
• Shifeng L., Yanming S., Xiao M.,et al. (2014) Simultaneous Intercalation of 1-Naphthylacetic Acid and Indole-3-butyric Acid into Layered Double Hydroxides and Controlled Release Properties. Journal of Nanomaterials, Article ID 862491, 9 pages. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2014/862491; https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/862491
• Shone, M.G.T. & Flott, A. V. (‎1983) Effects of Periods of Localized Water Stress on Subsequent Nutrient Uptake by Barley Roots and Their Adaptation by Osmotic Adjustment. New Phytologist, 94: 561-572. nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com › j.1469-8137.1983.tb04865.x
• Silva, I. C., Nogueira, R. J. M. C., Silva, M.A. (2010) Drought Stress and Plant Nutrition. In Plant Science Books, pp. 32-39. Global Science Books. http://www.globalsciencebooks.info https://www.researchgate.net/publication/209959355_Drought_Stress_and_Plant_Nutrition
• Stepanova, A. N., Yun, J., Likhacheva, A. V. et al. (2007) Multilevel Interactions between Ethylene and Auxin in Arabidopsis Roots. The Plant Cell, Vol. 19: 2169–2185, www.plantcell.org. American Society of Plant Biologists. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.052068
• Surowka, E., Rapacs, M. & Janowiak, F. (2020) Climate Change Influences the Interactive Effects of Simultaneous Impact of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses on Plants. Pp. 1-50. In: Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives Vol. I.; H., Mirza (Ed.) ISBN 978-981-15-2156-0. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811521553
• Talaviya, T., Shah, D., Patel, N. et al. (2020) Implementation of artificial intelligence in agriculture for optimisation of irrigation and application of pesticides and herbicides. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture,.4:58-73.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2020.04.002 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258972172030012X
• Taylor, P (2016) Silent Spring’ Triggered an Environmental Movement. Permaculture News of Permaculture.Res..Institute.06,.20. https://www.permaculturenews.org/2016/06/20/silent-spring- https://www.permaculturenews.org/2016/06/20/silent-spring-environmental-movement ……… Accessed 7 November 2020
• Ullah, A., Manghwar, H. Shaban, M. (2018) Phytohormones enhanced drought tolerance in plants: a.coping.strategy..Environmental.Science.and.Pollution.Research.25:.33103–33118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3364-5 ; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-018-3364-5
• UNCCD Agenda 21 Chapter 12.pdf - United Nations (2017) https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/relevant-links/2017-06/UNCCD Agenda21Chapter12_0.pdf Accessed 7 November 2020
• U.S. EPA (2004) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Naphtaleneacetic Acid, Its Salts, Ester, and Acetamide. Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substance (7508C) EPA 738-R-04-07016. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/red_G-91_26-May-04.pdf
• van Overbeek, J. (1956) Absorption and Translocation of Plant Regulators..Annual Review of Plant Physiology, .7: 355-72. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pp.07.060156.002035
• Westfall, C. S., Muehler, A. M., Jez, J. M. (2013) Enzyme Action in the Regulation of Plant Hormone Responses..Journal.Biological.Chemistry.288:.19304–19311..doi:.10.1074/jbc.R113.475160 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov› pmc › articles › PMC3707634
• Woo, H., R., Masclaux-Daubresse, C. & Lim, P. O. (2018). Plant senescence: how plants know when and how to die. Journal of Experimental Botany, 69: 715–718, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery011 https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/69/4/715/4851198
• Zhao, P., Shao, M. A., Omran, W. et al., (2011) Effects of erosion and deposition on particle size distribution of deposited farmland soils on the chinese loess plateau. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 35 . On-line version ISSN 1806-9657 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832011000600028
• Zhu, H., Li, C. & Gao, C. (2020) Applications of CRISPR–Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Nat..Rev..Mol..Cell.Biol..https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-00288-9 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6060375/