Küreselleşme Çevre Kirliliğini Etkiler mi? Küreselleşmenin Farklı Boyutları ile G7 Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Year 2023, , 761 - 781, 28.10.2023

Seyit Ali Miçooğulları

https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1342060

Abstract

Bu çalışma, küreselleşmenin farklı boyutları (ekonomik-sosyal-politik) altında Çevresel Kuznet Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezinin G7 ülkeleri için geçerliliğini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu ülke grubunun seçilmesi, sözü edilen 7 ülkenin dünya servetinin yaklaşık %65’ine sahip olması ve her alanda belirlediği politika ve uygulamalarıyla dünyanın geri kalanını etkileme gücüne sahip olmasıdır. Buradan hareketle, küreselleşmenin tüm boyutlarının karbon emisyonu üzerindeki etkisini bu ülke grubu için tespit etmek ve tespitlere bağlı olarak politika önerilerinde bulunmak dünyanın geri kalan ülkeleri için doğrudan ve/veya dolaylı bir etkiye sahip olacağı düşünülmektedir. Ampirik analizlerde, öncelikle G7 ülkeleri arasında yatay kesit bağımlılığının bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buradan hareketle, yatay kesit bağımlılığını hesaba katan ikinci nesil panel veri metodolojileri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, 1996-2020 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Ampirik analizlerden elde edilen bulgular ile genel küreselleşme endeksi ile küreselleşmenin alt boyutları olan ekonomik, sosyal ve politik küreselleşme endekslerindeki artışın çevre kirliliğini azalttığı ve Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezinin geçerli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Nedensellik analizi sonuçlarına göre, reel GSYİH ile karbon emisyonları ve enerji tüketimi ile karbon emisyonları arasında çift yönlü; genel küreselleşme, politik küreselleşme ve sosyal küreselleşmeden karbon emisyonlarına tek yönlü nedensellik olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak ekonomik küreselleşme ile karbon emisyonları arasında herhangi bir nedensellik tespit edilmemiştir.

Keywords

Küreselleşme, Çevre kirliliği, EKC hipotezi, G7

Does Globalization Affect Environmental Pollution? Evidence from Different Dimensions of Globalization in G7 Countries

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the validity of the Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis under different dimensions of globalization (economic, social and political) for the G7 countries. The selection of this group of countries is based on the fact that these 7 countries own approximately 65% of the world's wealth and have the power to influence the rest of the world with their policies and practices in every field. Therefore, it is thought that determining the impact of all dimensions of globalization on carbon emissions for this group of countries and making policy recommendations based on these findings will have a direct and/or indirect impact on the rest of the world. In the empirical analyses conducted for this purpose, we first examined the possible horizontal cross-sectional dependence among the observed countries and found that there is horizontal cross-sectional dependence among G7 countries. Hence, second generation panel data methodologies that account for horizontal cross-sectional dependence are used. The study covers the period 1996-2020. The findings from the empirical analyses indicate that an increase in the overall globalization index and the economic, social and political globalization indices, which are sub-dimensions of globalization, reduces environmental pollution and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid. According to the results of causality analysis, it is concluded that there is bidirectional causality between real GDP and carbon emissions and between energy consumption and carbon emissions. In addition, there is unidirectional causality from general globalization, political globalization and social globalization to carbon emissions. Finally, no causality is found between economic globalization and carbon emissions.

Keywords

Globalization, Environmental pollution, EKC hypothesis, G7s.

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