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Propaganda Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An Analysis of News Narratives

Year 2025, Issue: 14, 277 - 296, 28.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1649584

Abstract

This study examines news headlines from four international news sources (Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, TRT World) broadcasting from different geographical and political locations during the first week of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (October 7-14, 2023). It aims to reveal how these outlets use propaganda in their headlines, focusing on a crucial period when news narratives were being shaped. While the chosen sources offer diverse perspectives, they aren’t representative of the entire global media landscape. The analysis is limited to headlines only, excluding full news texts. A mixed-method qualitative content analysis was conducted on 230 headlines (85 from Al Jazeera, 68 from BBC, 56 from CNN, and 21 from TRT World). Headlines were coded according to propaganda type, and thematic analysis was performed. Quantitative data measured theme intensity and distribution, examining “information,” “misleading,” “ideological,” “direct,” “indirect,” “positive,” “negative,” and “target audience propaganda.” BBC (41.2%) and CNN (37.5%) emphasized information-type propaganda, while Al Jazeera (25%) and TRT World (23.8%) highlighted ideological propaganda. Each organization’s editorial policy and stance influenced headlines, and misleading propaganda was difficult to detect. Due to the limited number of headlines analyzed, the findings’ validity for broader media content or timeframes is limited.

References

  • Bektaş, A. (1996). Kamuoyu, iletişim ve demokrasi. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Bennett, W. (2005). News: The politics of illusion. New York: Pearson.
  • Bernays, E. (1928). Propaganda, New York: Liveright Publishing.
  • Bernays, E. (2023). Propaganda. Pegasus Yayınları.
  • Bessi, A., & Ferrara , E. (2016). Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion, First Monday, 21(11).
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
  • Creswell, J., & Plano Clark, V. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research . CA: SAGE. Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda: The formation of men's attitudes. Vintage Books.
  • Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
  • Flick, U. (2019). An introduction to qualitative research. SAGE Publisher.
  • Gitlin, T. (2003). The sixties: Years of hope, days of rage. New York: Bantam.
  • Herman, E., & Noam, C. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: PantheonBooks.
  • Jowett, G., & O'Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda and persuasion. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications. Khalidi, R. (1997). Palestinian identity: The construction of modern national consciousness. Columbia University Press. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology . CA: Sage Publications.
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Lasswell, H. (1927). Propaganda technique in the World War. MIT Press
  • Leech, N., & Onwuegbuzie , A. (2009). A typology of mixed methods research designs. Quality & Quantity, 43, 265-275.
  • McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pappé, I. (2006). The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. Oneworld Publications.
  • Perlmutter, D. (1998). Photojournalism and foreign policy: Icons of outrage in international crises. Westport: Conn.
  • Pratkanis, A., & Aronson, E. (2001). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
  • Quarter, T. (1962). Propaganda and psychological warfare. New York: Random House.
  • Said, E. (1998). Oryantalizm. İrfan Yayınevi.
  • Shlaim, A. (2001). The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Snow, N. (2003). Information War: American propaganda, free speech and opinion control since 9/11. New York: Seven Stories Press.
  • Sproule, M. (1987). Propaganda studies in American Social Science: The rise and fall of the critical paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 73(1), 60-78.
  • Tessler, M. (1994). A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Indiana University Press.
  • Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and tTear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. Yale University Press.
  • van Dijk, T. (1988). News as discourse. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • van Dijk, T. (1991). Racism and the press. Routledge.
  • van Dijk, T. (2006). Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(2), 115-140. Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Report to the Council of Europe.
  • Yıldırım, B. (2015). İçerik çözümlemesi yönteminin tarihsel gelişimi uygulama alanları ve aşamaları. (Ed. Yıldırım B.) İletişim Araştırmalarında Yöntemler. Konya: Literatürk Akademia.
  • Zelizer, B. (1992). Covering the body: The Kennedy Assassination, the media, and the shaping of collective memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

İsrail-Filistin Çatışmasında Propaganda Stratejileri: Haber Anlatılarının Analizi

Year 2025, Issue: 14, 277 - 296, 28.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1649584

Abstract

Bu çalışma, İsrail-Filistin çatışmasının ilk haftasında (7-14 Ekim 2023), olayların en yoğun yaşandığı ve haber anlatılarının ilk şekillendiği dönemde, farklı coğrafi ve siyasi konumlardan yayın yapan dört uluslararası haber kaynağının (Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, TRT World) haber başlıklarını incelemektedir. Amaç, uluslararası medya organlarının İsrail-Filistin çatışması bağlamında haber başlıklarında propaganda unsurlarını nasıl kullandıklarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu kaynaklar, çatışmaya ilişkin farklı bakış açılarını yansıtmaları nedeniyle seçilmiştir, ancak küresel medya ortamının tamamını temsil etmemektedir. Çalışma, yalnızca haber başlıklarına odaklanmakta ve haber metinlerinin tamamının analizini dışarıda bırakmaktadır. Al Jazeera’dan 85, BBC’den 68, CNN’den 56 ve TRT World’den 21 olmak üzere toplam 230 haber başlığın incelendiği çalışmada, karma yöntemli nitel içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Nitel analizde, başlıklar propaganda türlerine göre kodlanmış ve tematik analiz yapılmıştır. Nicel veriler ise bu temaların yoğunluğunu ve dağılımını ölçmek için kullanılmıştır. Başlıklar “bilgilendirme”, “yanıltma”, “ideolojik”, “doğrudan”, “dolaylı”, “pozitif”, “negatif” ve “hedef kitleye yönelik propaganda” türleri açısından incelenmiştir. 7-14 Ekim 2023 haberlerinde, BBC (%41.2) ve CNN (%37.5) bilgilendirme türü propagandada öne çıkarken, Al Jazeera (%25) duygusal ve TRT World (%23.8) ideolojik propagandada öne çıkmıştır. Her kuruluşun yayın politikası ve ideolojik duruşu başlıkları şekillendirmiştir; yanıltma amaçlı propagandanın tespitinin zor olduğu da ifade edilmelidir. Sınırlı sayıda haber başlığı analiz edildiğinden, bu çalışmanın bulgularının daha geniş bir medya içeriği veya zaman dilimi için geçerliliği sınırlıdır.

References

  • Bektaş, A. (1996). Kamuoyu, iletişim ve demokrasi. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Bennett, W. (2005). News: The politics of illusion. New York: Pearson.
  • Bernays, E. (1928). Propaganda, New York: Liveright Publishing.
  • Bernays, E. (2023). Propaganda. Pegasus Yayınları.
  • Bessi, A., & Ferrara , E. (2016). Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion, First Monday, 21(11).
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
  • Creswell, J., & Plano Clark, V. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research . CA: SAGE. Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda: The formation of men's attitudes. Vintage Books.
  • Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
  • Flick, U. (2019). An introduction to qualitative research. SAGE Publisher.
  • Gitlin, T. (2003). The sixties: Years of hope, days of rage. New York: Bantam.
  • Herman, E., & Noam, C. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: PantheonBooks.
  • Jowett, G., & O'Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda and persuasion. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications. Khalidi, R. (1997). Palestinian identity: The construction of modern national consciousness. Columbia University Press. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology . CA: Sage Publications.
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Lasswell, H. (1927). Propaganda technique in the World War. MIT Press
  • Leech, N., & Onwuegbuzie , A. (2009). A typology of mixed methods research designs. Quality & Quantity, 43, 265-275.
  • McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pappé, I. (2006). The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. Oneworld Publications.
  • Perlmutter, D. (1998). Photojournalism and foreign policy: Icons of outrage in international crises. Westport: Conn.
  • Pratkanis, A., & Aronson, E. (2001). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
  • Quarter, T. (1962). Propaganda and psychological warfare. New York: Random House.
  • Said, E. (1998). Oryantalizm. İrfan Yayınevi.
  • Shlaim, A. (2001). The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Snow, N. (2003). Information War: American propaganda, free speech and opinion control since 9/11. New York: Seven Stories Press.
  • Sproule, M. (1987). Propaganda studies in American Social Science: The rise and fall of the critical paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 73(1), 60-78.
  • Tessler, M. (1994). A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Indiana University Press.
  • Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and tTear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. Yale University Press.
  • van Dijk, T. (1988). News as discourse. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • van Dijk, T. (1991). Racism and the press. Routledge.
  • van Dijk, T. (2006). Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(2), 115-140. Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Report to the Council of Europe.
  • Yıldırım, B. (2015). İçerik çözümlemesi yönteminin tarihsel gelişimi uygulama alanları ve aşamaları. (Ed. Yıldırım B.) İletişim Araştırmalarında Yöntemler. Konya: Literatürk Akademia.
  • Zelizer, B. (1992). Covering the body: The Kennedy Assassination, the media, and the shaping of collective memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Journalism Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

F. Betül Aydın Varol 0000-0003-4962-3690

Publication Date July 28, 2025
Submission Date March 1, 2025
Acceptance Date May 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Aydın Varol, F. B. (2025). İsrail-Filistin Çatışmasında Propaganda Stratejileri: Haber Anlatılarının Analizi. İletişim Ve Diplomasi(14), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1649584