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Year 2014, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 1 - 15, 03.11.2014
https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2014.11721

Abstract

This research aimed at developing an instrument to determine the anxiety levels of classroom teachers while teaching mathematics. The study group included 348 classroom teachers with experience levels of 1-10 years, 10-20 years and more than 20 yearsin Ankara, Gaziantep, and Şanlıurfa. The results revealed that the scale indicates a 3 factor- structure and a total of 23 items. The internal reliability of the instrument was found as .89. As a proof of the validity of the scale, medium and high level positive correlations were observed between the total scores obtained from the top and bottom of the scale and sub factors (r= .93, .57 and .76). Model's coherence indexes related to confirmatory factor analysis were as follows: X²/sd (389.72 / 224) = 1.74, RMSEA= 0.057, RMR= 0.062, GFI= 0.87, CFI= 0.95, NFI= 0.89, NNFI= 0.94 and AGFI= 0.84. Based on the results of the study, the 23-item Mathematics Teaching Anxiety Scale can be claimed as a valid and reliable scale.

References

  • Alkan, V. (2011). Etkili matematik öğretiminin gerçekleştirilmesindeki engellerden biri: kaygı ve nedenleri, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29 (1), 89-107.
  • Alpar, R. (2010). Spor, sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinde uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik. (Birinci Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Aslan, D. (2013). A comparison of pre- and in-service preschool teachers’ mathematical anxiety and beliefs about mathematics for young children. Part-II: Social Sciences and Humanities, 4 (2), 225-2 http://www.savap.org.pk/journals/ARInt./Vol.4(2)/2013(4.2-22).pdf adresinden 002014 indirilmiştir.
  • Baloğlu, M. (1999). A comparison of mathematics anxiety and statistics anxiety in relation to general anxiety. Eric Document Number (ED 436 703).
  • Baloğlu, M. (2002). Construct and concurrent validity and ınternal consistency, split-half, and parallelmodel reliability of the revised mathematics anxiety rating scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, USA.
  • Baloğlu, M. (2001). Matematik korkusunu yenmek. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1), 59-76.
  • Baloğlu, M. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinin matematik kaygı düzeyleri açısından karşılaştırılması. XIII. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kurultayı, 6-9 Temmuz 2004 İnönü Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Malatya.
  • Bernstein, D.A. (1983). Dealing with teaching anxiety: A personal view. Journal of the National Association of Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture, 4-7.
  • Betz, N.E. (1978). Prevalence, distribution, and correlates of math anxiety in college students. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 25 (5), 441-448.
  • Bindak, R. (2005). İlköğretim öğrencileri için matematik kaygı ölçeği. F.Ü. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (2), 442-448.
  • Brady, P. & Bowd, A. (2005). Mathematics anxiety, prior experience and confidence to teach mathematics among pre‐service education students. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 11 (1), 37-46.
  • Bowd, A. & Brady, P. (2003). Gender differences in mathematics anxiety among preservice teachers and perceptions of their elementary and secondary school experience with mathematics. The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, XLIX (1), 24-36.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E.K., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (Dördüncü Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A. Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analiz el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem A. Yayıncılık.
  • Cole, D.A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 1019-1031.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A. Yayıncılık.
  • Dreger, R.M., & Aiken, L.R. (1957). The identification of number anxiety in a college population. Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 344-351.
  • Doll, W.J., Weidong, X. & Gholamreza, T. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument, MIS Quarterly, 18 (4), 453-461.
  • Ekinci, A. (2010). Aday öğretmenlerin iş başında yetiştirilmesinde okul müdürlerinin rolü. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 63-77.
  • Fennema, E. & Sherman, J.A. (1976). Fennema-Sherman mathematics attitudes scales: Instruments designed to measure attitudes towards the learning of mathematics by males and females. Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 6 (2), 31.
  • Fish, T.A. & Fraser, I.H. (2001). Exposing the iceberg of teaching anxiety: a survey of faculty at three New Brunswick Universities. Electronic Journal of the American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences. http://aabss.org/Perspectives2001/Fish2001.jmm.html adresinden 04.04.2013 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Gardner, L. & Leak, G. (1994). Characteristics and correlates of teaching anxiety among college psychology teachers. Teaching of Psychology, 21(1), 28-32.
  • Gresham, G. (2007). A study of mathematics anxiety in pre-service teachers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35 (2), 181-188.
  • Gresham, G. (2009). Examining the relationship between pre-service elementary teachers’ experience of mathematics anxiety and their efficacy for teaching mathematics. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 44 (2), 22-38.
  • Haciomeroglu, G. (2014). Elementary pre-service teachers’ mathematics anxiety and mathematics teaching anxiety. International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning. http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/journal/haciomeroglu.pdf adresinden 06.07.2014 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Hadfield, O. D. & McNeil, K. (1994). The relationship between myers-briggs personality type and mathematics anxiety among preservice elementary teachers. Journal Of Instructional Psychology, 21(4), 375-384.
  • Hadley K.M. & Dorward, J. (2011). T he relationship among elementary teachers’ mathematics anxiety, mathematics ınstructional practices, and student mathematics achievement. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction (JoCI), 5(2), 27-44.
  • Harper, N.W. & Daane, C.J. (1998). Causes and reduction of math anxiety in preservice elementary teachers, Action in Teacher Education, 19 (4), 29-38.
  • Hopko, D.R. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the maths anxiety rating scale-revised. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 336-351.
  • Hunt, T.E., Clark-Carter, D. & Sheffield, D. (2011). The development and part validation of a U.K. scale for mathematics anxiety. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 455-466.
  • Jackson, C.D. & Leffingwell, R.J. (1999). The role of ınstructors in creating math anxiety in students from kindergarten throughcollege, The Mathematics Teacher, 92 (7), 583-586.
  • Jöreskog, K.G. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. SSI, USA: Lincolnwood.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). Faktör analizi. Ş. Kalaycı (Editör). Spss uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayıncılık.
  • Karimi, B.A. (2008). Development of mathematics anxiety scales in high school students of India and Iran. Unpublished Doctorial Thesis, University of Mysore, Mysore.
  • Kogelman, S. & Warren, J. (1979). Mind over math. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.
  • Levine, G. (1998). Changing anticipated mathematics teaching style and reducing anxiety for teaching mathematics among pre-service elementary school teachers. Educational Research Quarterly, 21 (4), 37-46.
  • Nolting, P.D. (2010). Math study skills workbook. (Fourth Edition). USA: Brooks/Cole.
  • McAnallen, R.R. (2010). Examining mathematics anxiety in elementary classroom teachers, Unpublished Doctorial Thesis, Slippery Rock University, Pennsylvania .
  • Rayner, V., Pitsolantis, N, & Osana, H. (2009). Mathematics Anxiety in Preservice Teachers: Its Relationship to their Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge of Fractions. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 21 (3), 60-85.
  • Peker, M. (2006). Matematik öğretmeye yönelik kaygı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri ve Uygulama, 5 (9), 73-92.
  • Peker, M. (2009a). The use of expanded microteaching for reducing preservice teachers’ teaching anxiety about mathematics. Scientific Research and Essay 4 (9), 872-880.
  • Peker, M. (2009b). Pre-service teachers’ teaching anxiety about mathematics and their learning styles. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, , 5 (4), 335-345.
  • Peker, M. ve Ertekin, E. (2011). The relationship between mathematics teaching anxiety and mathematics anxiety. The New Educational Review, 23 (1), 213-226.
  • Richardson, F. C. & Suinn, R.M. (1972). The mathematics anxiety rating scale: psychometric data. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 19(6), 551-554.
  • Segars, A.H. & Varun, G. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: a confirmatory factor analysis, MIS Quarterly, 17 (4), 517-525.
  • Sinclair, K.E. & Barnes, J. (tarihsiz). Can anxiety about teaching be measured http://publications.aare.edu.au/83pap/8_3_6_7.pdf adresinden 09.03.2013 tarihinde indirilmiştir. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik. (Birinci Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Şimşek, Ö.F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş, temel ilkeler ve LİSREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
  • Suinn, M.R., Taylor, S. & Edwards, R.W. (1988). Suinn mathematics anxiety rating scale for elementary school students (MARS-E): Psychometric and normative data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 979-986.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6), 49-74.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve spss ile veri analizi. (Üçüncü Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
  • Üldaş, İ. (2005). Öğretmen ve öğretmen adaylarına yönelik matematik kaygı ölçeği (MKÖ-Ö)’nin geliştirilmesi ve matematik kaygısına ilişkin bir değerlendirme. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Wilson, S. (2013). Mature Age Pre-Service Teachers’ Mathematics Anxiety and Factors Impacting on University Retention (pp, 666-673). In V. Steinle, L. Ball & C. Bardini (Eds.), Mathematics education: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (Proceedings of the 36th annual conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia). Melbourne, VIC: MERGA.

Sınıf Öğretmenlerine Yönelik Matematik Öğretimi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme

Year 2014, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 1 - 15, 03.11.2014
https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2014.11721

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sınıf öğretmenlerinin matematik öğretimine yönelik kaygılarını belirlemeye ilişkin güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunda, mesleki kıdemi 1-10 yıl, 10-20 yıl, 20 ve üstü yıl olacak şekilde Ankara, Gaziantep ve Şanlıurfa illerinde görev yapan toplam 348 sınıf öğretmeni yer almıştır. Verilerin analizinde açımlayıcı faktör analizi ile 3 faktörlü bir yapı ve toplam 23 maddeden oluşan bir ölçme aracı elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin geneline ilişkin iç tutarlılık katsayısının .89 olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeğin toplam puanları ile alt faktörler arasında korelasyon katsayısı sonucu orta ve yüksek düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki çıkmıştır (r= .93, .57 ve .76). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizine ilişkin iyilik uyum indeksleri, X²/sd (389.72 / 224) = 1.74, RMSEA= 0.057, RMR= 0.062, GFI= 0.87, CFI= 0.95, NFI= 0.89, NNFI= 0.94 ve AGFI= 0.84’dir. Tüm bu sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir sonuçlar verdiği söylenebilir.

References

  • Alkan, V. (2011). Etkili matematik öğretiminin gerçekleştirilmesindeki engellerden biri: kaygı ve nedenleri, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29 (1), 89-107.
  • Alpar, R. (2010). Spor, sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinde uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik. (Birinci Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Aslan, D. (2013). A comparison of pre- and in-service preschool teachers’ mathematical anxiety and beliefs about mathematics for young children. Part-II: Social Sciences and Humanities, 4 (2), 225-2 http://www.savap.org.pk/journals/ARInt./Vol.4(2)/2013(4.2-22).pdf adresinden 002014 indirilmiştir.
  • Baloğlu, M. (1999). A comparison of mathematics anxiety and statistics anxiety in relation to general anxiety. Eric Document Number (ED 436 703).
  • Baloğlu, M. (2002). Construct and concurrent validity and ınternal consistency, split-half, and parallelmodel reliability of the revised mathematics anxiety rating scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, USA.
  • Baloğlu, M. (2001). Matematik korkusunu yenmek. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1), 59-76.
  • Baloğlu, M. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinin matematik kaygı düzeyleri açısından karşılaştırılması. XIII. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kurultayı, 6-9 Temmuz 2004 İnönü Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Malatya.
  • Bernstein, D.A. (1983). Dealing with teaching anxiety: A personal view. Journal of the National Association of Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture, 4-7.
  • Betz, N.E. (1978). Prevalence, distribution, and correlates of math anxiety in college students. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 25 (5), 441-448.
  • Bindak, R. (2005). İlköğretim öğrencileri için matematik kaygı ölçeği. F.Ü. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (2), 442-448.
  • Brady, P. & Bowd, A. (2005). Mathematics anxiety, prior experience and confidence to teach mathematics among pre‐service education students. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 11 (1), 37-46.
  • Bowd, A. & Brady, P. (2003). Gender differences in mathematics anxiety among preservice teachers and perceptions of their elementary and secondary school experience with mathematics. The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, XLIX (1), 24-36.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E.K., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (Dördüncü Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A. Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analiz el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem A. Yayıncılık.
  • Cole, D.A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 1019-1031.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A. Yayıncılık.
  • Dreger, R.M., & Aiken, L.R. (1957). The identification of number anxiety in a college population. Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 344-351.
  • Doll, W.J., Weidong, X. & Gholamreza, T. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument, MIS Quarterly, 18 (4), 453-461.
  • Ekinci, A. (2010). Aday öğretmenlerin iş başında yetiştirilmesinde okul müdürlerinin rolü. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 63-77.
  • Fennema, E. & Sherman, J.A. (1976). Fennema-Sherman mathematics attitudes scales: Instruments designed to measure attitudes towards the learning of mathematics by males and females. Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 6 (2), 31.
  • Fish, T.A. & Fraser, I.H. (2001). Exposing the iceberg of teaching anxiety: a survey of faculty at three New Brunswick Universities. Electronic Journal of the American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences. http://aabss.org/Perspectives2001/Fish2001.jmm.html adresinden 04.04.2013 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Gardner, L. & Leak, G. (1994). Characteristics and correlates of teaching anxiety among college psychology teachers. Teaching of Psychology, 21(1), 28-32.
  • Gresham, G. (2007). A study of mathematics anxiety in pre-service teachers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35 (2), 181-188.
  • Gresham, G. (2009). Examining the relationship between pre-service elementary teachers’ experience of mathematics anxiety and their efficacy for teaching mathematics. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 44 (2), 22-38.
  • Haciomeroglu, G. (2014). Elementary pre-service teachers’ mathematics anxiety and mathematics teaching anxiety. International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning. http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/journal/haciomeroglu.pdf adresinden 06.07.2014 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Hadfield, O. D. & McNeil, K. (1994). The relationship between myers-briggs personality type and mathematics anxiety among preservice elementary teachers. Journal Of Instructional Psychology, 21(4), 375-384.
  • Hadley K.M. & Dorward, J. (2011). T he relationship among elementary teachers’ mathematics anxiety, mathematics ınstructional practices, and student mathematics achievement. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction (JoCI), 5(2), 27-44.
  • Harper, N.W. & Daane, C.J. (1998). Causes and reduction of math anxiety in preservice elementary teachers, Action in Teacher Education, 19 (4), 29-38.
  • Hopko, D.R. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the maths anxiety rating scale-revised. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 336-351.
  • Hunt, T.E., Clark-Carter, D. & Sheffield, D. (2011). The development and part validation of a U.K. scale for mathematics anxiety. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 455-466.
  • Jackson, C.D. & Leffingwell, R.J. (1999). The role of ınstructors in creating math anxiety in students from kindergarten throughcollege, The Mathematics Teacher, 92 (7), 583-586.
  • Jöreskog, K.G. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. SSI, USA: Lincolnwood.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). Faktör analizi. Ş. Kalaycı (Editör). Spss uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayıncılık.
  • Karimi, B.A. (2008). Development of mathematics anxiety scales in high school students of India and Iran. Unpublished Doctorial Thesis, University of Mysore, Mysore.
  • Kogelman, S. & Warren, J. (1979). Mind over math. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.
  • Levine, G. (1998). Changing anticipated mathematics teaching style and reducing anxiety for teaching mathematics among pre-service elementary school teachers. Educational Research Quarterly, 21 (4), 37-46.
  • Nolting, P.D. (2010). Math study skills workbook. (Fourth Edition). USA: Brooks/Cole.
  • McAnallen, R.R. (2010). Examining mathematics anxiety in elementary classroom teachers, Unpublished Doctorial Thesis, Slippery Rock University, Pennsylvania .
  • Rayner, V., Pitsolantis, N, & Osana, H. (2009). Mathematics Anxiety in Preservice Teachers: Its Relationship to their Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge of Fractions. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 21 (3), 60-85.
  • Peker, M. (2006). Matematik öğretmeye yönelik kaygı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri ve Uygulama, 5 (9), 73-92.
  • Peker, M. (2009a). The use of expanded microteaching for reducing preservice teachers’ teaching anxiety about mathematics. Scientific Research and Essay 4 (9), 872-880.
  • Peker, M. (2009b). Pre-service teachers’ teaching anxiety about mathematics and their learning styles. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, , 5 (4), 335-345.
  • Peker, M. ve Ertekin, E. (2011). The relationship between mathematics teaching anxiety and mathematics anxiety. The New Educational Review, 23 (1), 213-226.
  • Richardson, F. C. & Suinn, R.M. (1972). The mathematics anxiety rating scale: psychometric data. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 19(6), 551-554.
  • Segars, A.H. & Varun, G. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: a confirmatory factor analysis, MIS Quarterly, 17 (4), 517-525.
  • Sinclair, K.E. & Barnes, J. (tarihsiz). Can anxiety about teaching be measured http://publications.aare.edu.au/83pap/8_3_6_7.pdf adresinden 09.03.2013 tarihinde indirilmiştir. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik. (Birinci Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Şimşek, Ö.F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş, temel ilkeler ve LİSREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
  • Suinn, M.R., Taylor, S. & Edwards, R.W. (1988). Suinn mathematics anxiety rating scale for elementary school students (MARS-E): Psychometric and normative data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 979-986.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6), 49-74.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve spss ile veri analizi. (Üçüncü Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
  • Üldaş, İ. (2005). Öğretmen ve öğretmen adaylarına yönelik matematik kaygı ölçeği (MKÖ-Ö)’nin geliştirilmesi ve matematik kaygısına ilişkin bir değerlendirme. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Wilson, S. (2013). Mature Age Pre-Service Teachers’ Mathematics Anxiety and Factors Impacting on University Retention (pp, 666-673). In V. Steinle, L. Ball & C. Bardini (Eds.), Mathematics education: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (Proceedings of the 36th annual conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia). Melbourne, VIC: MERGA.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Hayri Sarı

Publication Date November 3, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Sarı, M. H. (2014). -. İlköğretim Online, 13(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2014.11721
AMA Sarı MH. -. İOO. November 2014;13(4):1-15. doi:10.17051/io.2014.11721
Chicago Sarı, Mehmet Hayri. “-”. İlköğretim Online 13, no. 4 (November 2014): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2014.11721.
EndNote Sarı MH (November 1, 2014) -. İlköğretim Online 13 4 1–15.
IEEE M. H. Sarı, “-”, İOO, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1–15, 2014, doi: 10.17051/io.2014.11721.
ISNAD Sarı, Mehmet Hayri. “-”. İlköğretim Online 13/4 (November 2014), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2014.11721.
JAMA Sarı MH. -. İOO. 2014;13:1–15.
MLA Sarı, Mehmet Hayri. “-”. İlköğretim Online, vol. 13, no. 4, 2014, pp. 1-15, doi:10.17051/io.2014.11721.
Vancouver Sarı MH. -. İOO. 2014;13(4):1-15.

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