“DECOMMISSIONING” – “İŞLETMEDEN ÇIKARMA” KAVRAMI VE HUKUKİ ALTYAPISI

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 565 - 614, 30.09.2022

Mustafa Oğuz Tuna

Abstract

Nükleer santrallerin işletmeden çıkarılması dünyanın geri kalanı için değil fakat ülkemiz için yeni bir kavramdır. Adeta, uzun süreli bir projenin (ortalama 20 yıl), kamu düzeninin ve yüksek tehlike arzeden risk yönetiminin birleşimidir. Gerçekten de nükleer atıkların sökülmesi, arındırılması ve bertaraf edilmesi hem işletmecinin hem de düzenleyici kurumların ciddiyetle yaklaşmasını gerektirir. Nükleer reaktörler, aşama aşama bir dizi işleme tabi tutulur; ilk olarak, kullanılmış nükleer yakıtlar, atık maddeler ve betonarme üzerindeki radyasyon seviyesinin düşürülmesi, ardından atık yakıtların tasfiyesi, sonrasında fiili olarak yapıların sökülmesi ve akabinde atık yakıtların bir radyoaktif atık bertaraf tesisine nakliyesi ile depolanması. Santralden söz konusu tesislere varıncaya dek, düzenleyici kontrolden çıkarılana kadar bütün aşamalarda kamu düzeni ve düzenleyici bir denetim hakimdir. İşletmeden çıkarmanın nihai amacı, farklı teknik ve planlardan yararlanarak, tesisleri “yeşil alan” statüsüne geri döndürmektir. İşletmeden çıkarmanın fonlanması da başka bir önemli sorundur. Ortalama bir ticari nükleer reaktörün, sökülmesi, işgücü ve atık yönetimi, çeşitli başka sektörlerin de tali sözleşmelerle dahil edilmesiyle birlikte, bütün işlemlerinin maliyeti 1 milyar ABD dolarını bulabilir. Çevre ve toplum açısından böylesine hayati bir konu, şimdiye kadar, kusurlu olmadan göz ardı edilmiş ve ilgili yönetmelikler aracılığıyla çok az işlenmiştir. İşte tam da burada, zamanında olarak, bu boşluklara yönelik gerekli hukuki adımların atılması bu çalışmada yetkili makamlara tavsiye edilmiştir.

Keywords

Enerji hukuku, nükleer hukuk, işletmeden çıkarma, nükleer enerji santralleri, atık yönetimi

“DECOMMISSIONING” – “İŞLETMEDEN ÇIKARMA” CONCEPT AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Abstract

Decommissioning of nuclear power plants is not new for the rest of the world but for our country. It is a combination of a long-term project (approximately 20 years), public order and the management of high-level hazardous risks. Indeed, the planning of dismantling, decontamination and disposal of nuclear waste requires serious attention of both the operator and the regulatory authorities. Nuclear reactors are subjected to a set of treatments phase by phase. First, reducing the volume of radiation on used nuclear fuels, waste materials and concrete then the discharge of the waste fuels, later on, the actual dismantling of the construction followed by the transport and storage of the fuel waste at a radioactive disposal facility. There is public order and regulatory supervision in all phases from the plant to the said facilities until the removal of the regulatory control. The ultimate purpose of decommissioning is to return the facilities to “green field” status by using different technics and plans. Funding is yet another essential issue of decommissioning. The procedures for an average commercial nuclear reactor can cost up to a billion US dollars including the dismantling, labour and the waste management involving various other sectors through subcontractors. Such a vital issue regarding the environment and the society, by no mistake was overlooked so far and processed only little with relevant regulations. Here now, right on time, it is recommended in this work to the competent authorities to take the necessary legal steps for the certain loopholes.

Keywords

Energy law, nuclear law, decommissioning, nuclear power plants, nuclear accidents, waste management

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