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“Owners’ Responsibilities” Clause Of Gencon 2022: An Assessment Under The Hague / Visby Rules, Gencon 94 Charter Party and the Turkish Commercial Code

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 887 - 907, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1358031

Abstract

The international nature of carriage of goods by sea has necessitated the establishment of uniform rules in progress of time. To address this need, standard contracts are developed by organizations engaged in maritime law. There is no obligation to use these standard forms in question, which are qualified as general terms and conditions and are drafted by international organizations operating in the field of maritime law. These standard forms are periodically updated in accordance with requirements of practice and considering the international character of maritime law and they are frequently employed by stakeholders who are reluctant to be subject to an unfamiliar legal system. Among these commonly used standard forms, the GENCON, prepared by BIMCO (“The Baltic and International Maritime Council”), holds a prominent position. GENCON charter party, containing the fundamentals of voyage charter agreements, was first introduced in 1922 and subsequently revised in response to practical needs in 1976, 1994, and most recently in 2022. With the revision in 2022, substantial alterations were made to certain clauses of GENCON 94 charter party.

References

  • AKINCI, Sami, Deniz Hukuku: Navlun Mukaveleleri, İstanbul, 1968.
  • COOKE, Julian / YOUNG, Timothy / ASHCROFT, Michael / TAYLOR, Andrew / KIMBALL, John D. / MARTOWSKI, David / LAMBERT, Leroy / STURLEY, Michael, Voyage Charters, 4th Edition, Informa Law from Routledge, 2014.
  • ÇAĞA, Tahir / KENDER, Rayegân Deniz Ticareti Hukuku Sözleşmeleri II: Navlun Sözleşmeleri, İstanbul, 2009.
  • DEGURSE, John L. Jr., "The Container Clause in Article 4(5) of the 1968 Protocol to the Hague Rules", Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1970, Vol. 2, No. 1, (p.131-146).
  • DERRINGTON, Sarah C., “Due Diligence, Causation and Article 4(2) of the Hague-Visby Rules”, International Trade and Business Law Annual, Y.1997, Vol.3, (p.175-186).
  • DUNLOP, C. R., "The Hague Rules, 1921", Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Y. 1922, Vol. 4, No. Parts 1 and 4, (p.24-34).
  • GRAMM, Hans, Das neue Deutsche Seefrachtrecht nach den Haager Regeln (Gesetz vom 10 August 1937 - RGBI. I Seite 891), Verlag von E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 1938.
  • FISHER, Robert B. Jr. "The Warranty of Seaworthiness in Charter Parties: Legal Methods of Amelioration", Maritime Lawyer, Y.1975, Vol.1, p.21 ff., (p.1-31).
  • HETHERINGTON, Stuart, "Fixing or Unfixing a Charter Party", MLAANZ Journal, Y. 1991, Vol. 8, No. 1, (p.12-28).
  • CYRIL, James, F., "Carriage of Goods by Sea--The Hague Rules", University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, Y. 1925-1926, Vol. 74, No. 7, (p.672-690).
  • MERİÇ, Gülfer Kuyucu, “Lahey, Lahey – Visby ve Hamburg Kuralları ile Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Rotterdam Kuralları Bakımından Taşıyanın Sorumlu Tutulduğu Süre”, DEHUKAMDER, Y.2018, Vol.1, No.1, (p.49-76).
  • MANDELBAUM, Samuel Robert, "Creating Uniform Worldwide Liability Standards for Sea Carriage of Goods under the Hague, COGSA, Visby and Hamburg Conventions", Transportation Law Journal, Y. 1996, Vol. 23, No. 3, (p.471-502).
  • MOORE, John C., "The Hamburg Rules", Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1978, Vol. 10, No. 1, (p.1-12).
  • LITINA, Eva, "Maritime Arbitration: Dilemmas, Prospects, and Challenges: Lessons from Contracts for the Carriage of Goods by Sea", Tulane Maritime Law Journal, Y. 2022, Vol. 46, No. 3, (p.513-530).
  • NEGUS, Raymond E., "Hague Rules, 1921", Law Quarterly Review, Y.1922, Vol. 38, no. 3, (p.317-338).
  • RADISCH, Hans Joachim, Die Beschränkung der Verfrachterhaftung beim Überseetransport von Containern: Eine rechtsgleichende Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des anglo-amerikanischen Rechts, Hamburg, 1986.
  • REYNOLDS, Francis, “The Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules, and the Hamburg Rules”, Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal, 7, (p.16-34).
  • O'HARE, C. W., "Allocating Shipment Risks and the Uncitral Convention", Monash University Law Review, Y. 1977, Vol. 4, no. 2, (117-154). (Allocating Shipment Risks)
  • O'HARE, C. C., “The Hague Rules Revised: Operational aspects”, Melbourne University Law Review, 10(4), (p.527-563). (The Hague Rules Revised)
  • OKAY, Sami, Deniz Ticareti Hukuku C.II/1, İstanbul, 1968.
  • PÖTSCHKE, Jan Erik, ‘HGB§ 485’, Münchener Kommentar zum HGB: Band 7, Transportsrecht- viertes Buch, Handelsgeschäfte, Eds. Karsten Schmidt and Rolf Herber, 5th Aufl. 2023.
  • SELVIG, Erling, "The Paramount Clause", American Journal of Comparative Law, Y. 1961, Vol. 10, No. 3, (p.205-226).
  • STURLEY, Michael F., "The History of COGSA and the Hague Rules", Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1991, Vol. 22, No. 1, (p.1-58).
  • SPARKS, Arthur/COPPER, Frans, Lloyd's Practical Shipping Guides, Steel: Carriege By Sea, 5th edn., Informa Law from Routhledge, 2009.
  • TETLEY, William, "Uniformity of International Private Maritime Law - The Pros, Cons, and Alternatives to International Conventions - How to Adopt an International Convention", Tulane Maritime Law Journal, Y.2000, Vol. 24, No. 2, (p.775-856).
  • TREITEL, Guenter H. / REYNOLDS, Francis M.B., Carver on Bills of Lading, 3rd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, 2011.
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, Sorumsuzluk Halleri, İstanbul, 1991.
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, “GENCON 94 Çarter Partisine Genel Bir Bakış”, DHD, Y.1 Vol. 1, (p.23-24). (GENCON 94 Çarter Partisine Genel Bir Bakış)
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, “GENCON 22 İlk İzlenimler”, PRU-DHD, Y. 2022, Vol.1, No.2, (p.345-357). (GENCON 22)
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, Çarter Sözleşmeleri: Genel Hükümler, Sefer Çarteri Sözleşmesi, İstanbul, 2010. (Çarter Sözleşmeleri)
  • VANDEVENTER, Braden, "Analysis of Basic Provisions of Voyage and Time Charter Parties", Tulane Law Review, Y.1974-1975, Vol. 49, No. 4, (p.806-844).
  • WEALE, John, “An Introduction to GENCON 2022”, Lloyd’s Shipping&Trade Law, Y.2022, Vol.22, No.10, (p.1-3).
  • WERTH, Douglas A., "The Hamburg Rules Revisited - A Look at U.S. Options," Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1991, Vol. 22, No. 1, (p.59-80).
  • YANCEY, Benjamin W., "Carriage of Goods: Hague, Cogsa, Visby, and Hamburg", Tulane Law Review, Y.1982-1983, Vol. 57, No. 5, (p.1238-1259).
  • YAZICIOĞLU, Emine, Hamburg Kuralları, İstanbul, 2000.
  • YAZICIOĞLU, Emine, Kender-Çetingil Deniz Ticareti Hukuku, 16th edn, Filiz, 2020.
  • ZOCK, Anthony N., "Charter Parties in Relation to Cargo", Tulane Law Review, Y.1970-1971, Vol. 45, No. 4, (p.733-751).
  • https://www.bimco.org/contracts-and-clauses/bimco-contracts/gencon-2022, Date of Access: 9 August 2023.
  • https://comitemaritime.org/publications-documents/status-of-conventions/, Date of Access: 30 June 2023.
  • Helena Biggs, “The GENCON 2022 Charterparty”, https://www.gard.no/web/articles?documentId=34463223, Date of Access: 7 August 2023.
  • https://diplomatie.belgium.be/sites/default/files/downloads/I-4b.pdf, Date of Access: 3 July 2023.

GENCON 2022 “OWNERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES” KLOZU: LAHEY / VISBY KURALLARI, GENCON 94 ÇARTER PARTİSİ VE TÜRK TİCARET KANUNU ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 887 - 907, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1358031

Abstract

Deniz yolu eşya taşımacılığının uluslararası niteliği, zaman içerisinde bu alanda yeknesak kuralların oluşturulması ihtiyacını doğurmıştur. Bu ihtiyacı gidermek üzere, deniz hukuku alanında faaliyet gösteren bazı kuruluşlar tarafından uygulamada ilgililer tarafından arzu edildiği takdirde kullanılmak üzere bazı standart sözleşmeler oluşturulmaktadır. Genel işlem koşulu niteliğinde olan ve deniz ticareti hukuku alanında faaliyet gösteren uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından kaleme alınan söz konusu standart sözleşmelerin kullanılması hususunda bir zorunluluk bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bu standart formlar, uygulamadaki ihtiyaçlar dikkate alınarak belirli aralıklarla güncellenmekte ve deniz ticareti hukukunun uluslararası niteliği gözetildiğinde, âşina olmadıkları bir hukuk sistemine tâbi olmaktan çekinen ilgililerce sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. Bu standart formların başında BIMCO (“The Baltic and International Maritime Council”) tarafından hazırlanan GENCON çarter partisi gelmektedir. Yolculuk çarteri sözleşmelerine ilişkin esasların yer aldığı ve ilk defa 1922 yılında kullanıma sunulan bu standart çarter parti, 1976 ve 1994 ve son olarak 2022 yılında uygulamadaki ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda revize edilmiştir. 2022 yılında yapılan revizyon ile birlikte, GENCON standart çarter partisinde, GENCON 94 formunda yer alan ve sıklıkla eleştirilen bazı klozlarda önemli sayılabilecek değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, GENCON 2022 çarter partisinin “Owners’ Responsibilities” başlıklı klozunun, GENCON 94 çarter partisindeki ilgili kloz ve Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile Lahey / Visby Kurallarındaki ilgili düzenlemeler göz önünde bulundurulmak suretiyle değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

References

  • AKINCI, Sami, Deniz Hukuku: Navlun Mukaveleleri, İstanbul, 1968.
  • COOKE, Julian / YOUNG, Timothy / ASHCROFT, Michael / TAYLOR, Andrew / KIMBALL, John D. / MARTOWSKI, David / LAMBERT, Leroy / STURLEY, Michael, Voyage Charters, 4th Edition, Informa Law from Routledge, 2014.
  • ÇAĞA, Tahir / KENDER, Rayegân Deniz Ticareti Hukuku Sözleşmeleri II: Navlun Sözleşmeleri, İstanbul, 2009.
  • DEGURSE, John L. Jr., "The Container Clause in Article 4(5) of the 1968 Protocol to the Hague Rules", Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1970, Vol. 2, No. 1, (p.131-146).
  • DERRINGTON, Sarah C., “Due Diligence, Causation and Article 4(2) of the Hague-Visby Rules”, International Trade and Business Law Annual, Y.1997, Vol.3, (p.175-186).
  • DUNLOP, C. R., "The Hague Rules, 1921", Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Y. 1922, Vol. 4, No. Parts 1 and 4, (p.24-34).
  • GRAMM, Hans, Das neue Deutsche Seefrachtrecht nach den Haager Regeln (Gesetz vom 10 August 1937 - RGBI. I Seite 891), Verlag von E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 1938.
  • FISHER, Robert B. Jr. "The Warranty of Seaworthiness in Charter Parties: Legal Methods of Amelioration", Maritime Lawyer, Y.1975, Vol.1, p.21 ff., (p.1-31).
  • HETHERINGTON, Stuart, "Fixing or Unfixing a Charter Party", MLAANZ Journal, Y. 1991, Vol. 8, No. 1, (p.12-28).
  • CYRIL, James, F., "Carriage of Goods by Sea--The Hague Rules", University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, Y. 1925-1926, Vol. 74, No. 7, (p.672-690).
  • MERİÇ, Gülfer Kuyucu, “Lahey, Lahey – Visby ve Hamburg Kuralları ile Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Rotterdam Kuralları Bakımından Taşıyanın Sorumlu Tutulduğu Süre”, DEHUKAMDER, Y.2018, Vol.1, No.1, (p.49-76).
  • MANDELBAUM, Samuel Robert, "Creating Uniform Worldwide Liability Standards for Sea Carriage of Goods under the Hague, COGSA, Visby and Hamburg Conventions", Transportation Law Journal, Y. 1996, Vol. 23, No. 3, (p.471-502).
  • MOORE, John C., "The Hamburg Rules", Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1978, Vol. 10, No. 1, (p.1-12).
  • LITINA, Eva, "Maritime Arbitration: Dilemmas, Prospects, and Challenges: Lessons from Contracts for the Carriage of Goods by Sea", Tulane Maritime Law Journal, Y. 2022, Vol. 46, No. 3, (p.513-530).
  • NEGUS, Raymond E., "Hague Rules, 1921", Law Quarterly Review, Y.1922, Vol. 38, no. 3, (p.317-338).
  • RADISCH, Hans Joachim, Die Beschränkung der Verfrachterhaftung beim Überseetransport von Containern: Eine rechtsgleichende Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des anglo-amerikanischen Rechts, Hamburg, 1986.
  • REYNOLDS, Francis, “The Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules, and the Hamburg Rules”, Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal, 7, (p.16-34).
  • O'HARE, C. W., "Allocating Shipment Risks and the Uncitral Convention", Monash University Law Review, Y. 1977, Vol. 4, no. 2, (117-154). (Allocating Shipment Risks)
  • O'HARE, C. C., “The Hague Rules Revised: Operational aspects”, Melbourne University Law Review, 10(4), (p.527-563). (The Hague Rules Revised)
  • OKAY, Sami, Deniz Ticareti Hukuku C.II/1, İstanbul, 1968.
  • PÖTSCHKE, Jan Erik, ‘HGB§ 485’, Münchener Kommentar zum HGB: Band 7, Transportsrecht- viertes Buch, Handelsgeschäfte, Eds. Karsten Schmidt and Rolf Herber, 5th Aufl. 2023.
  • SELVIG, Erling, "The Paramount Clause", American Journal of Comparative Law, Y. 1961, Vol. 10, No. 3, (p.205-226).
  • STURLEY, Michael F., "The History of COGSA and the Hague Rules", Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1991, Vol. 22, No. 1, (p.1-58).
  • SPARKS, Arthur/COPPER, Frans, Lloyd's Practical Shipping Guides, Steel: Carriege By Sea, 5th edn., Informa Law from Routhledge, 2009.
  • TETLEY, William, "Uniformity of International Private Maritime Law - The Pros, Cons, and Alternatives to International Conventions - How to Adopt an International Convention", Tulane Maritime Law Journal, Y.2000, Vol. 24, No. 2, (p.775-856).
  • TREITEL, Guenter H. / REYNOLDS, Francis M.B., Carver on Bills of Lading, 3rd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, 2011.
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, Sorumsuzluk Halleri, İstanbul, 1991.
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, “GENCON 94 Çarter Partisine Genel Bir Bakış”, DHD, Y.1 Vol. 1, (p.23-24). (GENCON 94 Çarter Partisine Genel Bir Bakış)
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, “GENCON 22 İlk İzlenimler”, PRU-DHD, Y. 2022, Vol.1, No.2, (p.345-357). (GENCON 22)
  • ÜLGENER, Fehmi, Çarter Sözleşmeleri: Genel Hükümler, Sefer Çarteri Sözleşmesi, İstanbul, 2010. (Çarter Sözleşmeleri)
  • VANDEVENTER, Braden, "Analysis of Basic Provisions of Voyage and Time Charter Parties", Tulane Law Review, Y.1974-1975, Vol. 49, No. 4, (p.806-844).
  • WEALE, John, “An Introduction to GENCON 2022”, Lloyd’s Shipping&Trade Law, Y.2022, Vol.22, No.10, (p.1-3).
  • WERTH, Douglas A., "The Hamburg Rules Revisited - A Look at U.S. Options," Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Y.1991, Vol. 22, No. 1, (p.59-80).
  • YANCEY, Benjamin W., "Carriage of Goods: Hague, Cogsa, Visby, and Hamburg", Tulane Law Review, Y.1982-1983, Vol. 57, No. 5, (p.1238-1259).
  • YAZICIOĞLU, Emine, Hamburg Kuralları, İstanbul, 2000.
  • YAZICIOĞLU, Emine, Kender-Çetingil Deniz Ticareti Hukuku, 16th edn, Filiz, 2020.
  • ZOCK, Anthony N., "Charter Parties in Relation to Cargo", Tulane Law Review, Y.1970-1971, Vol. 45, No. 4, (p.733-751).
  • https://www.bimco.org/contracts-and-clauses/bimco-contracts/gencon-2022, Date of Access: 9 August 2023.
  • https://comitemaritime.org/publications-documents/status-of-conventions/, Date of Access: 30 June 2023.
  • Helena Biggs, “The GENCON 2022 Charterparty”, https://www.gard.no/web/articles?documentId=34463223, Date of Access: 7 August 2023.
  • https://diplomatie.belgium.be/sites/default/files/downloads/I-4b.pdf, Date of Access: 3 July 2023.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context (Other)
Journal Section V. 8 I. 2 Research Articles
Authors

Melda Taşkın

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Taşkın, Melda. “‘Owners’ Responsibilities’ Clause Of Gencon 2022: An Assessment Under The Hague / Visby Rules, Gencon 94 Charter Party and the Turkish Commercial Code”. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 8, no. 2 (September 2023): 887-907. https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1358031.