Uzay Hukukundaki Yükümlülük Rejimi Bağlamında Fırlatan Devlet Kavramı ve TURKSAT-5B Uydusu

Abstract

Uzay hukuku hızla gelişmekte olan bir uluslararası kamu hukuku dalıdır. Nitekim devletler gün geçtikçe uzay faaliyetleri konusunda kendilerini geliştirmekte ve hatta özel şirketler onlara katılmaktadır. Bu sebeple gün geçtikçe hukuki tartışmalar da çoğalmaktadır. Bu tartışmaların uluslararası sorumluluk rejimi bağlamında önemli sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Bu yazıda ilk kısımda uzay hukuku hakkında genel olarak bilgi verilecektir. Ondan sonra ‘fırlatan devlet’ kavramına değinilecektir. Devamında uzay hukukunda ki ‘yükümlülük’ rejimi bağlamı ele alınacaktır. Son olarak, Türkiye’nin Turksat-5b uydusu bağlamında bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.

Keywords

• Uydu
• Uzay
• Fırlatan Devlet
• Yükümlülük
• Uluslararası sorumluluk

References

1. KAYNAKÇA 1) Ay ve Diğer Gök Cisimleri Dahil, Uzayın Keşif ve Kullanılmasında Devletlerin Faaliyetlerini Yöneten İlkeler Hakkında Andlaşma (1967) (Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/12732.pdf (Erişim tarihi 5.10.21)
2. 2) BMGK, Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 3 Aralık 1968, https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_22_2345E.pdf (Erişim tarihi:17.12.21)
3. 3) 1 BMGK, Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, 1972, https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_26_2777E.pdf (Erişim tarihi:17.12.21)
4. 4) 1 BMGK, Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 15 Eylül 1976, https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_29_3235E.pdf (Erişim tarihi:17.12.21)
5. 5) 1 BMGK, Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, 11 Temmuz 1984 https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_34_68E.pdf (Erişim tarihi:17.12.21)
6. 6) International Law Commission Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Kasım 2001, Supplement No. 10 (A/56/10), chp.IV.E.1, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ddb8f804.html (Erişim tarihi: 7. 12. 2021)
7. 7) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention on Civil Aviation ("Chicago Convention"), 7 Aralık 1944,
8. 8) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1833 UNTS 397, 21 ILM 1261 (1982) 9) UNGA Resoluiton 1472 (XIV), 12 Aralık 1959 10) UNGA Resolution 1884(XVIII), 17 Ekim 1963 11) UNGA Resolution 1962(XVIII), of 13 Aralık 1963 12) UNGA Resolution 62/101 (17.12.2007)

9. 13)V. Kopal, Diederiks-Verschoor, AN INTRODUCTİON TO SPCAE LAW, Kluwer Law International, 3. Baskı 2008
10. 14) Secure World Foundation, HANDBOOK FOR NEW ACTORS IN SPACE, ISBN: 978-0-692-85141-8
11. 15)International Institute of Space Law, NEW PERSPECTİVES ON SPACE LAW, Proceedings of the 53rd IISL Colloquium on The Law of Outer Space Young Scholars Session / Edited by Mark J. Sundahl (2011)
12. 16)Gennady Zhukov & Yuri Kolosov, INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW, çeviri: B. Belitzky. 2. Baskı, 2014
13. 17) Simon Olleson, THE IMPACT OF THE ILC’S ARTICLES ON RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES FOR INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACTS, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, Preliminary Draft, 2007
14. 18) M. GERHARD, Article VI, COLOGNE COMMENTARY ON SPACE LAW, VOL. 1: Outer Space Treaty, (Stephen Hobe, Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd & Kai-Uwe Schrogl eds.), 2010
15. 19) Kerrest & Smith - The 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, (in COLOGNE COMMENTARY ON SPACE LAW) Vol. II (2013)
16. 20) Bin CHENG, The 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, , STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW, 1997, Oxford Scholarship Online, 2012
17. 21)Black’s Law Dictionary, Definition of the Terms and Phrases of American and English Jurisprudence, Ancient and Modern, 6th ed., West Publishing, St. Paul Minnesota 1990
18. 22) James R Crawford, State Responsibility, Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law, 2006 https://spacelaw.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_spacelaw/EPIL_State_Respon sibility.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.21)
19. 23) Setsuko Aoki, The Standard of Due Diligence in Operating a Space Object 55 Proc. Int'l Inst. Space L. 392 2012, (Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline)
20. 24)Frans v. d. Dunk, Liability Versus Responsibility in Space Law: Misconception or misconstruction?, Published in the Proceedings of the Thirty-fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1992
21. 25)Mr. Robert Quentin Quentin-Baxter, Second Report on International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising out of Acts not Prohibited by International Law, "any human activity within the territory of control of one state which gives rise or may give rise to loss or injury to persons or things within the territory or control of another state" https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/23866?ln=en (Erişim tarihi 07.10.21)
22. 26) Motoko Uchitomi, State Responsibility/Liability for "National" Space Activities, 44 Proc. on L. Outer Space 51, 2001
23. 27)Frans Von der Dunk., The Second African National Space Law: The Nigerian NASRDA Act and the Draft Regulations on Licensing and Supervision, Space, Cyber, and Telecommunications Law Program Faculty Publications 2017
24. 28)Frans Von der Dunk, NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION IN EUROPE Issues of Authorisation of Private Space Activities in the Light of Developments in European Space Cooperation / Studies in space law, ISSN 1871-7659
25. 29) Kerrest, Launching Spacecraft from the Sea and the Outer Space Treaty: The Sea Launch Project, 23 Air & Space L. 16, 1998 (Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline),
26. 30) Edward A. Frankle & E. Jason Steptoe, Legal Considerations Affecting Commercial Space Launches from International Territory
27. 31) Kerrest, Remarks on the Notion of Launching State, IISL -99-IISL. 4.03
28. 32) Gotthard Mark Gauci & Kevin Aquilina The Legal Fiction of a Genuine Link as a Requirement for the Grant of Nationality to Ships and Humans – the Triumph of Formality over Substance? ICLR, Vol. 17, No. 1., 2017
29. 33) Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel, The Term “Launching State” in International Space Law, 37 PROC. COLL. L. OUTER SPACE 80,1994
30. 34) Karl-Heinz Bockstiegel, The Terms " Appropriate State" and "Landing State" in the Space Treaties- Indicators of State Responsibility and Liability for State and Private Space Activities, IISLProceedings 1991 (Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline)
31. 35)William B. Wirin, Practical implication of Launching State-Appropriate State Definitions, USLProceedings 1994 (Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline)
32. 36)Matxalen Sanchez Aranzamendi, Who is the Launching State? Looking for the Launching State in Current Business Models, 54 Proc. Int'l Inst. Space L. 376 2011, (Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline)
33. 37) Lesley Jane Smith, Legal Aspects of Satellite Navigation in HANDBOOK OF SPACE LAW, 587, Frans von der Dunk & Fabio Tronchetti eds., 2017
34. 38) Frans G. von der Dunk, The International Legal Framework for European Activities on Board the ISS (Frans von der Dunk and Marcel Brus (Eds), THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 2006
35. 39) Irmgard Marboe, Soft law in Outer Space: the Function of Non-Binding Norms in International Space Law, Kısım, ‘The Importance of Guidelines and Codes of Conduct for Liability of States and Private Actors’, Studien zu Politik und Verwaltung; Bd. 102 2012
36. 40)Martha Mejia-Kaiser, Collision Course: 2009 Iridium Cosmos Crash, 52 I.I.S.L. PROC.3.9,2009 (Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline)
37. 41) Martha Mejia-Kaiser Collision Course: 2009 IRIDIUM-COSMOS Crash, 52 Proc. Int'l Inst. Space L. 274 2009
38. 42) Pablo Mendes de Leon & Hanneke van Traa, The Practice of Shared Responsibility and Liability in Space Law, SHARES Research Paper 70, 2015, http://www.sharesproject.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/70.-Mendes-de-Leon-Van- Traa-Practice-vol..pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.22)
39. 43) https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/procure (Erişim tarihi: 09.07.21)
40. 44) https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/turkiyenin-7nci-uydusu-uzayda-/2102926 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.22)
41. 45) https://tr.sputniknews.com/20211217/turksat-5b-goreve-basliyor-3-soruda- turkiyenin-uzaydaki-varligi-ne-durumda-1051865034.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.22)
42. 46) https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/turksat-5bnin-uzay-yolculugu- basladi/2451379 (Erişim tarihi: 01.01.22)
43. 47) https://evrimagaci.org/etkinlik/spacex-turkiye039nin-yeni-uydusu-turksat-5b039yi- firlatiyor-turksat-5b-gorevi-450 (Erişim tarihi: 01.01.22)
44. 48) https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-11-airbus-to-build- turksat-5a-and-5b-satellites (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.22)