The Development of the Serfdom System and the Emergence of the Kulaks

Abstract

Serf is the name given to a peasant who works on behalf of a landlord on the land allocated to him in the Russian Empire. In this system, which is very similar to the slave system, the most important difference between serfs and free peasants was the freedom to migrate; serfs could not permanently leave their land or village without their master's permission. Apart from that, they had to get permission from their masters to marry, change jobs or transfer their property. They were tied to the land, and when the land changed hands, the serfs entered the service of the new master. These peasants had very limited rights before the law compared to their masters. The Russian peasant was at the very center of agricultural policy during the Imperial and Soviet Union periods, starting from Moscow Russia. The serfdom system ended with the liberation of the Russian peasantry after the Land Reform of 1861, but towards the end of the 19th century a new class emerged. Thus, the Russian peasant was one of the most important elements that formed the existence of the kulaks. The relationship between these two classes is important in terms of showing how they can exist in an order.In this research, it was aimed both to reveal the situation of the Russian peasant in the serfdom system that lasted for centuries and to evaluate the emergence of the kulaks in the historical context after the Land Reform.

Keywords

• Serfdom
• Russia
• Moscow
• Kazakhstan
• Kulak

Serflik Sisteminin Gelişimi ve Kulakların Ortaya Çıkma Süreci

Abstract

Serf, Rusya İmparatorluğunda kendisine tahsis edilen arazide bir nevi toprak ağası adına çalışan köylüye verilen isimdir. Kölelik sistemine oldukça benzeyen bu sistemde serfler ile özgür köylüler arasındaki farklardan en önemlisi göçme özgürlüğüydü; serfler efendilerinin izni olmadan topraklarını veya köylerini sürekli olarak terk edemiyorlardı. Bunun dışında evlenmek, iş değiştirmek veya mallarını devretmek için efendilerinden izin almaları gerekiyordu. Toprağa bağlılardı ve toprak el değiştirdiğinde serfler de yeni efendinin hizmetine giriyorlardı. Bu köylüler kanun önünde efendilerine nazaran çok kısıtlı haklara sahiplerdi. Rus köylüsü Moskova Rusya’sından itibaren İmparatorluk ve Sovyetler Birliği dönemlerinde tarım politikasının tam merkezinde yer aldı. 1861 Toprak Reformu sonrasında Rus köylüsünün özgür kalmasıyla serflik sistemi sona erdi ancak 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru yeni bir sınıf ortaya çıktı. Dolayısıyla Rus köylüsü kulakların varlığını oluşturan en önemli unsurlardan biriydi. Bu iki sınıf arasındaki ilişki onların nasıl bir düzen içinde var olabildiklerini göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Bu araştırmada hem yüzyıllarca süren serflik sistemindeki Rus köylüsünün durumunun ortaya koyulması hem de Toprak Reformu sonrasında kulakların ortaya çıkış sürecinin tarihsel bağlamda değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Bu araştırmada hem yüzyıllarca süren serWlik sistemindeki Rus köylüsünün durumunun ortaya koyulması hem de Toprak Reformu sonrasında kulakların ortaya çıkış sürecinin tarihsel bağlamda değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı.

Keywords

• Serflik
• Rusya
• Moskova
• Kazakistan
• Kulak

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