Research Article

The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye

Volume: 5 Number: Special Issue 1 December 31, 2025
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The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye

Abstract

Income inequality is critical to social justice, and in this context, social spending is seen as one of the main policy tools for ensuring equality in income distribution. This research focuses on the relationship between social spending and income inequality. It also examines the development of social security systems, the organization and objectives of various social security frameworks, and social security spending in different countries. In this context, the study aimed to examine the impact of social security expenditures on the Gini coefficient. The study compared various selected EU countries and Türkiye in terms of these expenditures. The study was conducted using Generalized Estimation Equations method. Data was obtained from reliable sources such as the World Bank, and the OECD. The Gini coefficient was used as an indicator of income inequality, and the share of public expenditures in gross domestic product was used as the independent variable. Control variables included direct tax rates, unemployment rates, per capita income, and inflation. The findings of the analysis reveal a significant relationship between social security expenditures and the Gini coefficient. In this context, the findings are consistent with the literature and indicate that social expenditures are a fiscal policy tool that has a welfare-enhancing effect on disadvantaged segments of society.

Keywords

Thanks

The first author would like to thank International Economic Policy Research Association (Economics Circle) for their academic support.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Development Economics - Macro

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 31, 2025

Submission Date

December 11, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 28, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 5 Number: Special Issue 1

APA
Atici, S., & Acar, Y. (2025). The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye. Industrial Policy, 5(Special Issue 1), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.61192/indpol.1840672
AMA
1.Atici S, Acar Y. The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye. INDPOL. 2025;5(Special Issue 1):117-128. doi:10.61192/indpol.1840672
Chicago
Atici, Semih, and Yasin Acar. 2025. “The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye”. Industrial Policy 5 (Special Issue 1): 117-28. https://doi.org/10.61192/indpol.1840672.
EndNote
Atici S, Acar Y (December 1, 2025) The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye. Industrial Policy 5 Special Issue 1 117–128.
IEEE
[1]S. Atici and Y. Acar, “The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye”, INDPOL, vol. 5, no. Special Issue 1, pp. 117–128, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.61192/indpol.1840672.
ISNAD
Atici, Semih - Acar, Yasin. “The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye”. Industrial Policy 5/Special Issue 1 (December 1, 2025): 117-128. https://doi.org/10.61192/indpol.1840672.
JAMA
1.Atici S, Acar Y. The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye. INDPOL. 2025;5:117–128.
MLA
Atici, Semih, and Yasin Acar. “The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye”. Industrial Policy, vol. 5, no. Special Issue 1, Dec. 2025, pp. 117-28, doi:10.61192/indpol.1840672.
Vancouver
1.Semih Atici, Yasin Acar. The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis for European Union Countries and Türkiye. INDPOL. 2025 Dec. 1;5(Special Issue 1):117-28. doi:10.61192/indpol.1840672