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Ergogenic Dietary Supplements: Uses and Evaluation Thereof from a Biochemical Perspective

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 32 - 37, 15.07.2020

Abstract

The studies on the use of ergogenic dietary products, which are often used by both professional and amateur athletes, are quite noteworthy. Athletes often use these products to increase performance, endurance and energy efficiency and to support recovery after exercise. Amino acids, various minerals and vitamins and metabolic supplements are mostly preferred as ergogenic nutritional supplements. While there is no need for supportive products in individuals who are well-balanced and healthy, athletes usually use supportive products according to the type of exercise. In this review, the metabolic importance and effects of ergogenic nutritional supplements, which are thought to increase performance by positively affecting energy metabolism, are focused.

References

  • Alphan Tüfekçi ME. Hastalıklarda Beslenme Tedavisi [Nutrition Therapy in Diseases]. Ankara: Hatiboğlu (2018).
  • Dziedzic CE, Higham D. Performance Nutrition Guidelines for International Rugby Sevens Tournaments. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2014) 24:305–314.
  • Güler D, Gökdemir K, Günay M. The Level of Use and Information of the Footballers Participating in Interuniversity Sports Games about the Ergogenic Aids in Turkey. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (2008) 9(3):37–48.
  • Schnohr C, Pedersen JM, Alcón MCG, Curtis T, Bjerregaard P. Trends in the Dietary Patterns and Prevalence of Obesity Among Greenlandic School Children. International Journal of Circumpolar Health (2004) 63(2):261–264.
  • Kharazi P. Farklı Ülkelerin Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokul Öğrencilerinin Beslenme Alışkanlık ve Ergojenik Yardım Kullanma Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi [Examination of Nutrition Habits and Ergogenic Use Levels of Physical Education and Sports College Students of Different Countries]. PhD Thesis. Gazi University (2017).
  • Babal AF. Investigation of Nutritional Status and Supplement Use in Individuals who Exercise. Master Thesis. Halic University (2015).
  • Karakuş M. Ergogenic Support in Athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine (2014) 49:155–167.
  • Yarar H, Gökdemir K, Özdemir G. Elit Sporcularda Beslenme Destek Ürünü Kullanımı ve Bilincinin Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the Use of Dietary Supplements and the Level of Awareness of Elite Athletes]. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi (2011) 13(3):1–11.
  • Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, et al. ISSN Exercise & Sports Nutrition Review Update: Research & Recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2018) 38. doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y.
  • Kulağsız C, Turgal E, Derici MK. Çorum İlinde Spor Merkezlerinde Spor Yapan Bireylerin Besin Destek Ürünleri Kullanımının ve Bilgi Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi [The Evaluation of Knowledge and Usage Levels of Nutritional Support Products Among Sports Individuals in Fitness Centers in Çorum City]. Anadolu Güncel Tıp Dergisi (2019) 1(4):85–91.
  • CodexCAC/GL. Alimentarus Draft Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements (2005). 1‐5.
  • Ulaş, AG. ADÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Sporcu Beslenmesi ile İlgili Farkındalıkları [The Awareness of the Students of ADU School of Physical Education and Sports on Sports Nutrition]. Master Thesis. Aydın Adnan Menderes University (2018).
  • Ercen Ş. Determination of Knowledge Level and Attitudes About Ergogenic Support Products and Expression of Nutritional Habits of 18-40 Age Group Healthy Male Athletes Concerning Fitness and Bodybuilding Sports in TRNC. Master Thesis. Eastern Mediterranean University (2016).
  • Williams M. Dietary Supplements and Sports Performance: Amino Acids. Journal of the nternational Society of Sports Nutrition (2005)(2):63–67.
  • Yeşilkaya B, Mut E. Ergogenic Supports Used in Athletes. International Refereed Journal of Nutrition Research (2018) 52(75):13–18.
  • Graf S, Egerta S, Heerb M. Effects of Whey Protein Supplements on Metabolism: Evidence from Human Intervention Studies. Functional Foods (2011) 14(6)(569):1363–1950.
  • Marshall K. Therapeutic Applications of Whey Protein. Alternative Medicine Review (2004) 9:136–156.
  • Holecek M. Branched-chain Amino Acids in Health and Disease: Metabolism, Alterations in Blood Plasma, and as Supplements. Nutrition and Metabolism (2018) 15(33).
  • Nie C, He T, Zhang W, Zhang G, Ma X. Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2018) 19:954.
  • Falavigna G, Araújo AJ de, Rogero MM, Pires IS, Pedrosa RG, Martins E. Effects of Diets Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids on the Performance and Fatigue Mechanisms of Rats Submitted to Prolonged Physical Exercise. Nutrients (2012) 4:1767–1780.
  • Sale C, Saunders B, Harris RC. Effect of Beta-alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine Concentrations and Exercise Performance. Amino Acids (2010) 39(2):321–333.
  • Blancquaert L, Everaert I, Derave W. Beta-alanine Supplementation, Muscle Carnosine and Exercise Performance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (2015) 18(1):63–70.
  • Antonio J, Street C. Glutamine: A Potentially Useful Supplement for Athletes. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (1999) 24(1):1–14.
  • Castell, LM., Newsholme EA., Poortmans JR. Does Glutamine Have a Role in Reducing Infections in Athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology (1996) 73:488–490.
  • Mor A, Atan T, Ağaoglu SA, Ayyıldız M. Effect of Arginine Supplementation on Footballers’ Anaerobic Performance and Recovery. Progress in Nutrition (2018) 20(1):104–112.
  • Williams M. Vitamin Supplementation and Athletic Performance. International Journal of Vitammine Nutrition Resesearch Supplemant (1989) 30:163–191.
  • Kreider RB, corresponding author Colin D Wilborn, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, et al. ISSN Exercise & Sport Nutrition Review: Research & Recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2010) 7(1):7.
  • Simon-Schnass I, Pabst H. Influence of Vitamin E on Physical Performance. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research (1988) 58(1):49–54.
  • Sousa M, Fernandes MJ, Carvalho P, Soares J, Moreira P, Teixeira V. Nutritional Supplements Use in High-Performance Athletes is Related with Lower Nutritional Inadequacy from Food. Journal of Sport and Health Science (2016) 5.
  • Owens DJ, Allison R, Graeme L. Vitamin D and the Athlete: Current Perspectives and New Challenges. Sports Medical (2018) 48(1):3–16.
  • Cameron F, Gunville CF, Mourani P, Ginde A. The Role of Vitamin D in Prevention and Treatment of Infection. Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (2013) 12(4):239–245.
  • Woolf K, Manore M. B-Vitamins and Exercise: Does Exercise Alter Requirements? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2006)(16):453–484.
  • Molina-López J, José M, Molina J, Luís J, Chirosa LJ, Daniela I, et al. Effect of Folic Acid Supplementation on Homocysteine Concentration and Association with Training in Handball Players. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2013)(10):10.
  • Mahmood L. The Metabolic Processes of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Journal of Health Research and Reviews (2014) 1(1):5–9.
  • Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Vitamin E Supplementation and Pneumonia Risk in Males who Initiated Smoking at an Early Age: Effect Modification by Body Weight and Vitamin C. Nutritional Journal (2008) 7:33.
  • Hemilä H. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients (2017) 9:4.
  • Speich M, Pineau A, Ballereau F. Minerals, Trace Elements and Related Biological Variables in Athletes and During Physical Activity. Clinica Chimica Acta (2001) 312(1-2):1–11.
  • Sawka MN, Montain S. Fluid and Electrolyte Supplementation for Exercise Heat Stress. American Journal Clinical Nutrition (2000) 72(56):4S‐72S.
  • Williams M. Dietary Supplements and Sports Performance: Introduction and Vitamins. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2004) 1(2):1–6.
  • Alaunyte L, Stojceska V, Plunkett A. Iron and the Female Athlete: A Review of Dietary Treatment Methods for Improving Iron Status and Exercise Performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2015) 12:38.
  • Eichner E, Randy MD. Anemia in Athletes, News on Iron Therapy and Community Care During Marathons. Current Sports Medicine Reports (2018) 17(1):2–3.
  • Shirreffs SM, Sawka M. Fluid and Electrolyte Needs for Training, Competition, and Recovery. Journal of Sports Science (2011) 29(1):39–46.
  • Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, et al. Role of Chromium Supplementation in Indians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (2002) 13(11):690–697.
  • Louise, A, La Savory, Kerr CJ, Whiting P, Finer N, et al. Selenium Supplementation and Exercise: Effect on Oxidant Stress in Overweight Adults. Obesity (2012) 20(4):794–801.
  • Lemuel, WT. Nutritional Guidelines for Athletic Performance: The Training Table. USA: CRP (2012). 167 p.
  • Cordova A, Alvarez-Moni M. Behaviour of Zinc in Physical Exercise: A Special Reference to Immunity and Fatigue. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (1995) 19(3):439–445.
  • Al-Fares MN, Alsunni AA, Majeed F, Badar A. Effect of Energy Drink Intake Before Exercise on Indices of Physical Performance in Untrained Females. Saudi Med Journal (2015) 36(5):580–586.
  • Georgios AE, Alfonso M, Karen L, Hirsch-Erns I. Risk Assessment of Energy Drinks with Focus on Cardiovascular Parametersand Energy Drink Consumption in Europe. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2019) 130:109–121.
  • Steinke L, de Lanfear, Dhanapal V, Kalus J. Effect of "Energy Drink" Consumption on Hemodynamic and Electrocardiographic Parameters in Healthy Young Adults. Annals of Pharmacotherapy (2009) 43(4):596–602.
  • Folland JP, Stern R, Brickley G. Sodium Phosphate Loading Improveslaboratory Cycling Time-trial Performance in Trained Cyclists. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (2008) 11(5):464–468.
  • Brewer C. Effect of Sodium Phosphate Loading on Exercise Performance in Well-Trained Cyclists. PhD Thesis. The University of Western Australia (2015). 13‐16.
  • Jagim AR, Stecker RA, Harty PS, Erickson JL, Kerksick C. Safety of Creatine Supplementation in Active Adolescents and Youth: A Brief Review. Frontiers in Nutrition (2018) 5:115.
  • Butts J, Jacobs B, Silvis M. Creatine Use in Sports. Sports Health (2018) 10(1):31–34.
  • Karlic H, Lohninger A. Supplementation of l-carnitine in Athletes: Does It Make Sense? Nutrition (2004) 20(7–8):709–715.
  • Cha YS, Kim HY, Daily J. Exercise-Trained but not Untrained Rat Manitain Free Carnitine Reserves During Acute Exercise. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2003) 12:120–126.
  • Pandareesh MD, Anand T. Ergogenic Effect of Dietary L-carnitine and Fat Supplementation Against Exercise Induced Physical Fatigue in Wistar Rats. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry (2013) 69(4):799–809.
  • Cooke M, Losia L, Buford T, Shelmadine B. Effects of Acute and 14-day Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Both Trained and Untrained Individuals. Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition (2008) 5:8.
  • Joshi SS, Sawant SV, Shedge A, Halpner A. Comparative Bioavailability of Two Novel Coenzyme Q10 Preparations in Humans. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2003) 41(1):42–48.
  • Holeček M. Beta-hydroxy - beta-methylbutyrate Supplementation and Skeletal Muscle in Healthy and Muscle-wasting Conditions. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle (2017) 8(4):529–541.
  • Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH. Effects of Beta-hydroxy - Beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on Exercise Performance and Body Composition across Varying Levels of Age, Sex, and Training Experience: A review. Nutrition & Metabolism (2008) 3(5):1.
  • Armanfar, M, Jafari A, Dehghan GR, Abdizadeh L. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Response of Inflammatory Indicators and Blood Lactate in Male Runners. Medical Journal of Islamic Republic of Iran (2015) 29:202.
Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 32 - 37, 15.07.2020

Abstract

References

  • Alphan Tüfekçi ME. Hastalıklarda Beslenme Tedavisi [Nutrition Therapy in Diseases]. Ankara: Hatiboğlu (2018).
  • Dziedzic CE, Higham D. Performance Nutrition Guidelines for International Rugby Sevens Tournaments. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2014) 24:305–314.
  • Güler D, Gökdemir K, Günay M. The Level of Use and Information of the Footballers Participating in Interuniversity Sports Games about the Ergogenic Aids in Turkey. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (2008) 9(3):37–48.
  • Schnohr C, Pedersen JM, Alcón MCG, Curtis T, Bjerregaard P. Trends in the Dietary Patterns and Prevalence of Obesity Among Greenlandic School Children. International Journal of Circumpolar Health (2004) 63(2):261–264.
  • Kharazi P. Farklı Ülkelerin Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokul Öğrencilerinin Beslenme Alışkanlık ve Ergojenik Yardım Kullanma Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi [Examination of Nutrition Habits and Ergogenic Use Levels of Physical Education and Sports College Students of Different Countries]. PhD Thesis. Gazi University (2017).
  • Babal AF. Investigation of Nutritional Status and Supplement Use in Individuals who Exercise. Master Thesis. Halic University (2015).
  • Karakuş M. Ergogenic Support in Athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine (2014) 49:155–167.
  • Yarar H, Gökdemir K, Özdemir G. Elit Sporcularda Beslenme Destek Ürünü Kullanımı ve Bilincinin Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the Use of Dietary Supplements and the Level of Awareness of Elite Athletes]. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi (2011) 13(3):1–11.
  • Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, et al. ISSN Exercise & Sports Nutrition Review Update: Research & Recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2018) 38. doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y.
  • Kulağsız C, Turgal E, Derici MK. Çorum İlinde Spor Merkezlerinde Spor Yapan Bireylerin Besin Destek Ürünleri Kullanımının ve Bilgi Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi [The Evaluation of Knowledge and Usage Levels of Nutritional Support Products Among Sports Individuals in Fitness Centers in Çorum City]. Anadolu Güncel Tıp Dergisi (2019) 1(4):85–91.
  • CodexCAC/GL. Alimentarus Draft Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements (2005). 1‐5.
  • Ulaş, AG. ADÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Sporcu Beslenmesi ile İlgili Farkındalıkları [The Awareness of the Students of ADU School of Physical Education and Sports on Sports Nutrition]. Master Thesis. Aydın Adnan Menderes University (2018).
  • Ercen Ş. Determination of Knowledge Level and Attitudes About Ergogenic Support Products and Expression of Nutritional Habits of 18-40 Age Group Healthy Male Athletes Concerning Fitness and Bodybuilding Sports in TRNC. Master Thesis. Eastern Mediterranean University (2016).
  • Williams M. Dietary Supplements and Sports Performance: Amino Acids. Journal of the nternational Society of Sports Nutrition (2005)(2):63–67.
  • Yeşilkaya B, Mut E. Ergogenic Supports Used in Athletes. International Refereed Journal of Nutrition Research (2018) 52(75):13–18.
  • Graf S, Egerta S, Heerb M. Effects of Whey Protein Supplements on Metabolism: Evidence from Human Intervention Studies. Functional Foods (2011) 14(6)(569):1363–1950.
  • Marshall K. Therapeutic Applications of Whey Protein. Alternative Medicine Review (2004) 9:136–156.
  • Holecek M. Branched-chain Amino Acids in Health and Disease: Metabolism, Alterations in Blood Plasma, and as Supplements. Nutrition and Metabolism (2018) 15(33).
  • Nie C, He T, Zhang W, Zhang G, Ma X. Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2018) 19:954.
  • Falavigna G, Araújo AJ de, Rogero MM, Pires IS, Pedrosa RG, Martins E. Effects of Diets Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids on the Performance and Fatigue Mechanisms of Rats Submitted to Prolonged Physical Exercise. Nutrients (2012) 4:1767–1780.
  • Sale C, Saunders B, Harris RC. Effect of Beta-alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine Concentrations and Exercise Performance. Amino Acids (2010) 39(2):321–333.
  • Blancquaert L, Everaert I, Derave W. Beta-alanine Supplementation, Muscle Carnosine and Exercise Performance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (2015) 18(1):63–70.
  • Antonio J, Street C. Glutamine: A Potentially Useful Supplement for Athletes. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (1999) 24(1):1–14.
  • Castell, LM., Newsholme EA., Poortmans JR. Does Glutamine Have a Role in Reducing Infections in Athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology (1996) 73:488–490.
  • Mor A, Atan T, Ağaoglu SA, Ayyıldız M. Effect of Arginine Supplementation on Footballers’ Anaerobic Performance and Recovery. Progress in Nutrition (2018) 20(1):104–112.
  • Williams M. Vitamin Supplementation and Athletic Performance. International Journal of Vitammine Nutrition Resesearch Supplemant (1989) 30:163–191.
  • Kreider RB, corresponding author Colin D Wilborn, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, et al. ISSN Exercise & Sport Nutrition Review: Research & Recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2010) 7(1):7.
  • Simon-Schnass I, Pabst H. Influence of Vitamin E on Physical Performance. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research (1988) 58(1):49–54.
  • Sousa M, Fernandes MJ, Carvalho P, Soares J, Moreira P, Teixeira V. Nutritional Supplements Use in High-Performance Athletes is Related with Lower Nutritional Inadequacy from Food. Journal of Sport and Health Science (2016) 5.
  • Owens DJ, Allison R, Graeme L. Vitamin D and the Athlete: Current Perspectives and New Challenges. Sports Medical (2018) 48(1):3–16.
  • Cameron F, Gunville CF, Mourani P, Ginde A. The Role of Vitamin D in Prevention and Treatment of Infection. Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (2013) 12(4):239–245.
  • Woolf K, Manore M. B-Vitamins and Exercise: Does Exercise Alter Requirements? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2006)(16):453–484.
  • Molina-López J, José M, Molina J, Luís J, Chirosa LJ, Daniela I, et al. Effect of Folic Acid Supplementation on Homocysteine Concentration and Association with Training in Handball Players. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2013)(10):10.
  • Mahmood L. The Metabolic Processes of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Journal of Health Research and Reviews (2014) 1(1):5–9.
  • Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Vitamin E Supplementation and Pneumonia Risk in Males who Initiated Smoking at an Early Age: Effect Modification by Body Weight and Vitamin C. Nutritional Journal (2008) 7:33.
  • Hemilä H. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients (2017) 9:4.
  • Speich M, Pineau A, Ballereau F. Minerals, Trace Elements and Related Biological Variables in Athletes and During Physical Activity. Clinica Chimica Acta (2001) 312(1-2):1–11.
  • Sawka MN, Montain S. Fluid and Electrolyte Supplementation for Exercise Heat Stress. American Journal Clinical Nutrition (2000) 72(56):4S‐72S.
  • Williams M. Dietary Supplements and Sports Performance: Introduction and Vitamins. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2004) 1(2):1–6.
  • Alaunyte L, Stojceska V, Plunkett A. Iron and the Female Athlete: A Review of Dietary Treatment Methods for Improving Iron Status and Exercise Performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2015) 12:38.
  • Eichner E, Randy MD. Anemia in Athletes, News on Iron Therapy and Community Care During Marathons. Current Sports Medicine Reports (2018) 17(1):2–3.
  • Shirreffs SM, Sawka M. Fluid and Electrolyte Needs for Training, Competition, and Recovery. Journal of Sports Science (2011) 29(1):39–46.
  • Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, et al. Role of Chromium Supplementation in Indians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (2002) 13(11):690–697.
  • Louise, A, La Savory, Kerr CJ, Whiting P, Finer N, et al. Selenium Supplementation and Exercise: Effect on Oxidant Stress in Overweight Adults. Obesity (2012) 20(4):794–801.
  • Lemuel, WT. Nutritional Guidelines for Athletic Performance: The Training Table. USA: CRP (2012). 167 p.
  • Cordova A, Alvarez-Moni M. Behaviour of Zinc in Physical Exercise: A Special Reference to Immunity and Fatigue. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (1995) 19(3):439–445.
  • Al-Fares MN, Alsunni AA, Majeed F, Badar A. Effect of Energy Drink Intake Before Exercise on Indices of Physical Performance in Untrained Females. Saudi Med Journal (2015) 36(5):580–586.
  • Georgios AE, Alfonso M, Karen L, Hirsch-Erns I. Risk Assessment of Energy Drinks with Focus on Cardiovascular Parametersand Energy Drink Consumption in Europe. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2019) 130:109–121.
  • Steinke L, de Lanfear, Dhanapal V, Kalus J. Effect of "Energy Drink" Consumption on Hemodynamic and Electrocardiographic Parameters in Healthy Young Adults. Annals of Pharmacotherapy (2009) 43(4):596–602.
  • Folland JP, Stern R, Brickley G. Sodium Phosphate Loading Improveslaboratory Cycling Time-trial Performance in Trained Cyclists. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (2008) 11(5):464–468.
  • Brewer C. Effect of Sodium Phosphate Loading on Exercise Performance in Well-Trained Cyclists. PhD Thesis. The University of Western Australia (2015). 13‐16.
  • Jagim AR, Stecker RA, Harty PS, Erickson JL, Kerksick C. Safety of Creatine Supplementation in Active Adolescents and Youth: A Brief Review. Frontiers in Nutrition (2018) 5:115.
  • Butts J, Jacobs B, Silvis M. Creatine Use in Sports. Sports Health (2018) 10(1):31–34.
  • Karlic H, Lohninger A. Supplementation of l-carnitine in Athletes: Does It Make Sense? Nutrition (2004) 20(7–8):709–715.
  • Cha YS, Kim HY, Daily J. Exercise-Trained but not Untrained Rat Manitain Free Carnitine Reserves During Acute Exercise. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2003) 12:120–126.
  • Pandareesh MD, Anand T. Ergogenic Effect of Dietary L-carnitine and Fat Supplementation Against Exercise Induced Physical Fatigue in Wistar Rats. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry (2013) 69(4):799–809.
  • Cooke M, Losia L, Buford T, Shelmadine B. Effects of Acute and 14-day Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Both Trained and Untrained Individuals. Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition (2008) 5:8.
  • Joshi SS, Sawant SV, Shedge A, Halpner A. Comparative Bioavailability of Two Novel Coenzyme Q10 Preparations in Humans. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2003) 41(1):42–48.
  • Holeček M. Beta-hydroxy - beta-methylbutyrate Supplementation and Skeletal Muscle in Healthy and Muscle-wasting Conditions. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle (2017) 8(4):529–541.
  • Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH. Effects of Beta-hydroxy - Beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on Exercise Performance and Body Composition across Varying Levels of Age, Sex, and Training Experience: A review. Nutrition & Metabolism (2008) 3(5):1.
  • Armanfar, M, Jafari A, Dehghan GR, Abdizadeh L. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Response of Inflammatory Indicators and Blood Lactate in Male Runners. Medical Journal of Islamic Republic of Iran (2015) 29:202.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Esen Taşğın

Publication Date July 15, 2020
Submission Date June 25, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Taşğın, E. (2020). Ergogenic Dietary Supplements: Uses and Evaluation Thereof from a Biochemical Perspective. International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 4(1), 32-37.