Research Article

Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering

Volume: 1 Number: 1 May 31, 2025
TR EN

Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering

Abstract

Automated physiological affect recognition is vital, but supervised learning on labeled datasets like Wearable Stress and Affect Detection (WESAD) may miss underlying nuances. This study used unsupervised Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) with Ward's linkage to explore inherent structures in chest-worn sensor data (ECG, EDA, RESP, TEMP) from 15 WESAD subjects. Comprehensive features, including detailed Heart Rate Variability (HRV) metrics derived via NeuroKit2, were extracted. HAC was applied to standardized features, yielding four distinct clusters defined by unique multivariate signatures in EDA, temperature, respiration, and key HRV indices (e.g., RMSSD, LF/HF ratio). These data-driven clusters showed partial alignment but also significant divergence from original WESAD experimental labels (baseline, stress, amusement, meditation), revealing physiological heterogeneity within predefined conditions. Findings demonstrate HAC's efficacy in identifying physiologically interpretable clusters potentially representing distinct autonomic nervous system states (e.g., stress, relaxation/engagement, alert rest). This underscores the value of unsupervised learning for complementing supervised methods in affective computing, enabling data-driven discovery of physiological state taxonomies beyond experimental labels and offering valuable insights for developing more nuanced AI-driven tools for mental health monitoring and adaptive human-computer interaction.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

"This article has no conflicts of interest with any individual or institution."

Ethical Statement

"This article does not require ethics committee approval."

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Artificial Life and Complex Adaptive Systems

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

May 30, 2025

Publication Date

May 31, 2025

Submission Date

April 19, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 21, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 1 Number: 1

APA
Arya, H., & Arya, M. (2025). Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering. Innovative Artificial Intelligence, 1(1), 39-46. https://izlik.org/JA56AA94RZ
AMA
1.Arya H, Arya M. Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering. INNAI. 2025;1(1):39-46. https://izlik.org/JA56AA94RZ
Chicago
Arya, Helen, and Muhammad Arya. 2025. “Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States Using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering”. Innovative Artificial Intelligence 1 (1): 39-46. https://izlik.org/JA56AA94RZ.
EndNote
Arya H, Arya M (May 1, 2025) Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering. Innovative Artificial Intelligence 1 1 39–46.
IEEE
[1]H. Arya and M. Arya, “Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering”, INNAI, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 39–46, May 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA56AA94RZ
ISNAD
Arya, Helen - Arya, Muhammad. “Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States Using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering”. Innovative Artificial Intelligence 1/1 (May 1, 2025): 39-46. https://izlik.org/JA56AA94RZ.
JAMA
1.Arya H, Arya M. Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering. INNAI. 2025;1:39–46.
MLA
Arya, Helen, and Muhammad Arya. “Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States Using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering”. Innovative Artificial Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 1, May 2025, pp. 39-46, https://izlik.org/JA56AA94RZ.
Vancouver
1.Helen Arya, Muhammad Arya. Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering. INNAI [Internet]. 2025 May 1;1(1):39-46. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA56AA94RZ