Social Protection on the Base of “Needs”: Basic Needs Approach

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 12, 43 - 65, 20.04.2017

Doğa Başar Sarıipek

https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.313027

Cited By: 12

Abstract

Needs are not easy to define. In this sense, the questions of which criteria are applied
to determine needs, what the basic and further needs are, how the ones who are in need are
distinguished from the others etc. are constantly asked while designing policies of social welfare
and protection. Needs based approach is a social protection mechanism which was introduced
as a response for these questions. Yet, it is not an easy measure to take due to the subjective
features and uncertainties in the very nature of the concept of need itself. Therefore, a conceptual
restriction, in the form of “basic needs”, was applied in practice. The purpose of basic needs
approach is the provision of the required opportunities in order to reach a full-development of
individuals and allocate certain resources for certain groups in conformity with this purpose.
The core of basic needs approach is to fill in the gap between actual living standards and needs
in such a shorter time and the least resources as much as possible in comparison with other
alternative approaches. This approach, however, seems far beyond the rights-based approach in
the performance of the provision of social protection due to the major shortcomings stemming
from the theory itself.

Keywords

Needs, Basic needs, Social protection, Social policy, Welfare

“İhtiyaç” Kavramı Ekseninde Sosyal Koruma: Temel İhtiyaçlar Yaklaşımı

Abstract

İhtiyaç, somutlaştırılması ve tanımlanması güç bir kavramdır. Bu bağlamda, ihtiyaçların
hangi ölçütlere göre belirleneceği, temel ve ileri ihtiyaçların neler olduğu, ihtiyaç içinde olanlarla
olmayanların neye göre ve nasıl kesin olarak ayrılacağı gibi sorular sosyal refah ve koruma
politikaları tasarlanırken sürekli sorulan ve tartışılan sorulardır. İhtiyaç temelli yaklaşım bu
sorulara cevap olarak geliştirilmiş bir sosyal koruma yaklaşımıdır. Ancak genel anlamda ihtiyaç
kavramının özünde bulunan sübjektif nitelikler ve içerdiği belirsizlikler nedeniyle, uygulaması
kolay bir yöntem değildir. Bu nedenle, uygulamada herkesi kapsayabilmek adına “temel
ihtiyaçlar” şeklinde bir daraltmaya gidilmiştir. Temel ihtiyaçlar yaklaşımının amacı, bireyin
tam gelişimi için gereken fırsatları sağlamak ve bu amaçla belli gruplar için belli kaynakları
tahsis etmektir. Temel ihtiyaçlar yaklaşımının özü, gerçek yaşam düzeyiyle ihtiyaçlar arasındaki
boşluğun diğer alternatif yaklaşımlara göre çok daha kısa sürede ve mümkün olan en
az miktarda kaynak kullanılarak doldurulmasıdır. Ancak bu yaklaşım, teoriden kaynaklanan
ciddi eksiklikleri nedeniyle hak temelli yaklaşımın sağladığı sosyal koruma güvence düzeyini
sağlamaktan uzak görünmektedir.

Keywords

İhtiyaç, Temel ihtiyaç, Sosyal koruma, Sosyal politika

References

• Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephen Hill ve Bryan S. Turner, The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, London, UK, Penguin Books, 1994.
• Alcock, Cliff, Sarah Payne ve Michael Sullivan, Introducing Social Policy, Prentice Hall, UK, 2000.
• Bannock, Graham, Ron Eric Baxter ve Evan Davis, The Penguin Dictionary of Economics 5th Edition, London, UK, Penguin Books, 1992.
• Barusch, Amanda Smith, Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective, the USA, Brooks/Cole, 2009.
• Blakemore, Ken ve Edwin Griggs, Social Policy: An Introduction, McGraw-Hill Education, 2007.
• Bradshaw, Jonathan, ”A Taxonomy of Social Need”, Problems and Progress in Medical Care, Edt: McLachlan G., Seventh Series NPHT/Open University Press, 1972.
• Doyal, Len ve Ian Gough, A Theory of Human Needs, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1991.
• Emmerij, Louis, “The Basic Needs Development Strategy”, Background Paper World Economic and Social Survey, 2010.
• Gasper, Des, “Conceptualisng Human Needs and Wellbeing”, Wellbeing in Developing Countries: New Approaches and Research Strategies, Edt: I. Gough ve J.A. MacGregor, Cambridge University Press.
• Honderich, Ted, The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition.
• Introduction to the Rights Based Approach (Yazar Yok), http://www.replacecampaign.org/resources/introduction-to-the-rights-based-approach.pdf.
• Jackson, Tim, Wander Jager and Sigrid Stagl, “Beyond Insatiability: Needs Theory, Consumption and Sustainability”, Consumption: Perspectives from Ecological Economics. Edt: Reisch, L. ve I. Røpke, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004.
• Manning, Nick, “Social Needs, Social Problems, and Social Welfare and Well-being”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Fourth Edition, Edt: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
• McCaslin, N. L., ve Jovan P. Tibezinda, “Assessing Target Group Needs”, Improving Agricultural Extension: A Reference Manual, Edt: Swanson, B.E., R.P. Bentz, ve
• A.J. Sofranko, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1997.
• McLean, Iain ve Alistair McMillan, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2003.
• McNeill, Desmond, “Multilateral Institutions: A Critical Overview”, Poverty, Politics and Development: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Fagbokforlaget, Bergen, 2006, ss.275-279: Emmerij, “The Basic Needs”.
• Nafziger, Wayne, “From Seers to Sen: The Meaning of Economic Development”, UN University/World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Jubilee Conference, 17-18 June 2005.
• Needs Based Development (Yazar Yok), http://www.repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/28771/03chapters7-10.pdf?sequence=4.
• Page, Robert M., “The Post-War Welfare State”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Fourth Edition, Edt: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
• Plant, Raymond, “Socialism, Markets, and End States”, Market Socialism, Oxford, 1989.
• Reber, Arthur, The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology, London, UK, Penguin Books, 3rd Edition, 1994.
• Seers, Dudley, “The Limitations of the Special Case”, Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistics, 25(2), 1963.
• Seers, Dudley, “The Meaning of Development”, IDS Communication Series, No: 44, 1969.
• Sen, Amartya, Development as Freedom, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1999.
• Shue, Henry, Basic Rights, Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Second Edition, Princeton University Press, USA, 1996.
• Stewart, Frances, “Human Development as an Alternative Development Paradigm”, http://hdr.undp.org/docs/training/oxford/presentations/2004/topic_1.
• Streeten, Paul P., “Basic Needs: Premises and Promises”, World Bank Reprint Series: Number Sixty-two, Journal of Policy Modeling 1, 1979.
• Taylor-Gooby, Peter, “Equality, Rights, and Social Justice”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Fourth Edition, Edt: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
• Wetherly, Paul, “Basic Needs and Social Policies”, Critical Social Policy, SAGE London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, Vol. 16, 1996.