Sporcularda Yeme Davranış Bozukluklarına Bir Örnek: Kas Dismorfisi

Year 2024, , 18 - 24, 30.06.2024

Gözde Şentürk , Pınar Gobel

https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1366313

Abstract

Yapılan çalışmalar günümüzde bireylerde “bigoreksiya” diğer bir adıyla “kas dismorfisi” riskinin arttığı yönündedir. Kas dismorfisi, bireylerin kas kütlesini büyütmeyi takıntı haline getirmesi ve aynı zamanda daha az yağ kütlesine sahip olmayı arzulaması ile tanımlanan bir tür vücut dismorfik bozukluğudur. Özellikle vücut geliştirme gibi kas kütlesinin önemli olduğu sporlarda görülür. Bu çalışmada sporcularda kas dismorfisi kavramına bakış derlenmiştir. Kas dismorfili bireyler kas kütlesinin yetersizliği ile ilgili takıntılı düşüncelere sahiptir. Bu durum bireyleri beslenme tarzı değişikliklerine, tüketilen protein miktarlarında aşırı artışa, zorlayıcı ve devamlı egzersiz programlarının uygulanmasına, ergojenik desteklere çok para harcamaya, ergojenik desteklerin kullanımında artışa, steroid tarzı madde kullanımlarına, spor salonlarında aşırı vakit geçirmeye itebilmektedir. Kas dismorfisi, genel kaslılık ile patolojik bir meşguliyettir ve yağ almadan vücut ağırlık artışı dürtüsü ile karakterize edilmektedir. Kas dismorfisi, bireyin kendi bedeninden utanma duygusuna, mahcubiyet duymasına, kendini küçük ve zayıf hissetmesine neden olmaktadır. Genel popülasyonun kas dismorfisi prevalansı bilinmemekle birlikte, futbolcular, vücut geliştiriciler veya halterciler gibi yüksek kas kütlesi gerektiren sporlara katılımların kas dismorfisi gelişimindeki riski arttırdığı bildirilmektedir. Literatürde kas dismorfisi kavramına çok az yer verilmesine rağmen kas dismorfisinin sporcularda yaygın olarak görülme riski unutulmamalı ve sporculara doğru müdahalenin yapılabilmesi için kas dismorfisinin erken tanı ve tedavisi üzerine odaklanılmalıdır.

Keywords

kas dismorfisi, sporcu, yeme bozukluğu

An Example of Eating Behavior Disorders in Athletes: Muscle Dysmorphia

Abstract

Recent studies show that the risk of bigorexia, also known as muscle dysmorphia, increases in individuals today. Muscle dysmorphia is a type of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by an obsession with growing muscle mass and a desire to have less fat mass. It is especially seen in sports where muscle mass is important, such as bodybuilding. In this study, an overview of the concept of muscle dysmorphia in athletes was compiled. Individuals with bigorexia have obsessive thoughts about lack of muscle mass. This may lead individuals to change their diet, increase the amount of protein consumed, apply compelling and continuous exercise programs, spend excessive money on ergogenic supports, increase the use of ergogenic supports, use steroid-like substances, and spend excessive time in gyms. Muscle dysmorphia is a pathological preoccupation with general muscularity and is characterized by an urge to gain body weight without gaining fat. Muscle dysmorphia causes the individual to feel ashamed of his own body, to feel embarrassed, and to feel small and weak. Although the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in the general population is not known, it has been reported that participation in sports that require high muscle mass, such as football players, bodybuilders, or weightlifters, increases the risk of developing muscle dysmorphia. Although muscle dysmorphia is not mentioned much in the literature, it should be kept in mind that it is common in athletes, and early diagnosis and treatment of muscle dysmorphia should be focused on.

Keywords

muscle dysmorphia, athlete, eating disorder

References

• Aimé, A., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Dion, J., Markey, C. H., Strodl, E., McCabe, M., ... & Maïano, C. (2020). Assessing positive body image, body satisfaction, weight bias, and appearance comparison in emerging adults: a cross-validation study across eight countries. Body Image, 35, 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.014
• Birliği, A. P. (2013). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı (Beşinci baskı), E Köroğlu (Çev. Ed.). Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Babusa, B., Czeglédi, E., Túry, F., Mayville, S.B., & Urbán, R. (2015). Differentiating the levels of risk for muscle dysmorphia among Hungarian male weightlifters: a factor mixture modeling approach. Body Image, 12, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.001
• Badenes-Ribera, L., Rubio-Aparicio, M., Sanchez-Meca, J., Fabris, M.A., & Longobardi, C. (2019). The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 351-371. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.44
• Bégin, C., Turcotte, O., & Rodrigue, C. (2019). Psychosocial factors underlying symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in a non-clinical sample of men. Psychiatry Research, 272, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.120
• Behar, R., & Arancibia, M. (2015). Body image disorders: Anorexia nervosa versus reverse anorexia (muscle dysmorphia). Revista Mexicana De Trastornos Alimentarios, 6(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmta.2015.10.005
• Behar, R., & Molinari, D. (2010). Muscle dysmorphia, body image and eating behaviors in two male populations. Revista Medica de Chile, 138(11), 1386-1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872010001200007
• Bjornsson, A. S., Didie, E. R., & Phillips, K. A. (2022). Body dysmorphic disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(2), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.2/abjornsson
• Cafri, G., Olivardia, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2008). Symptom characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity among males with muscle dysmorphia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 374–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.01.003
• Cash, T. F. (2012). Encyclopedia of body ı̇mage and human appearance. Academic Press, 334-342.
• Choi, P. Y. L., Pope, H. G. Jr., & Olivardia, R. (2002). Muscle dysmorphia: a new syndrome in weightlifters. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36, 375–377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.5.375
• Devrim, A., & Bilgiç, P. (2018). Bigoreksiya: Vücut dismorfik bozukluğu mu, yeme bozukluğu mu? Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(1), 64-69. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eujhs/issue/44573/553211
• Devrim, A. (2016). Kas dismorfik bozukluğu envanteri ve vücut geliştirici imaj şemasının geçerlik ve güvenirlik durumu ile yeme tutumu testi arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Gonzalez-Marti, I., Bustos, J. G., Jordan, O. R., & Mayville, S. B. (2012). Validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: Escala de satisfaccion muscular. Body Image, 9(4); 517-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.05.002
• Greenway, C. W., & Price, C. (2018). A qualitative study of the motivations for anabolic-androgenic steroid use: The role of muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in long-term users. Performance Enhancement & Health, 6(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2018.02.002
• Greenway, C. W., & Price, C. (2020). Muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in former and current users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Performance Enhancement & Health, 7(3-4), 100-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.100154
• Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders, 15(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260601044535
• John, F. M. (2008). The Invisible Man – A Self-help guide for men with eating disorders, compulsive exercise and bigorexia. Nursing Standard, 22(34), 30. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2008.04.22.34.30.b751
• Klimek, P., & Hildebrandt, T. (2018). Psychosocial correlates of gap time to anabolic-androgenic steroid use. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(6), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22859
• Leone, J. E., Sedory, E. J., & Gray, K. A. (2005). Recognition and treatment of muscle dysmorphia and related body image disorders. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(4), 352. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1323298/
• Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., & Settani, M. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: Findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatric Research, 256, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.065
• Lopez, A., Pollack, L., Gonzales, S., Pona, A. A., & Lundgren, J. D. (2015). Psychosocial correlates of muscle dysmorphia among collegiate males. Journal of Psychological Inquiry, 20(1), 58–66. https://www.psychinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Vol20-1.pdf
• Maida, D. M., & Armstrong, S. L. (2005). The classification of muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men’s Health, 4(1), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0401.73
• Mitchell, L., Murray, S. B., Cobley, S., Hackett, D., Gifford, J., Capling, L., ve O’Connor, H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 233–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3
• Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: Bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review: The Professional Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 17(3), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.897
• Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., … & Budgett, R. (2018). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport: 2018 update. International Journal Sport Nutrition Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136
• Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C,. … & Ljungqvist, A. (2014). The IOC consensus statement: Beyond the female athlete triad—relative energy deficiency in sport. British Journal Sports Medicine, 48(7), 491-497. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502
• Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Hildebrandt, T., Karlov, L., Russell, J., Boon, E., … & Touyz, S. W. (2012). A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. Body Image, 9(2), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.008
• Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., & Touyz, S. W. (2011). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology during a period of religious fasting: A case report. European Eating Disorders Review, 19, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1016
• Nowell, C., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2008). Appearance-based com-ments, body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity in males. Body Image, 5, 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.06.002
• Phillips, K. A., Menard, W., Fay, C., & Weisberg, R. (2005). Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity and family history in 200 ındividuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 46(4), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.46.4.317
• Phillips, S. M., Chevalier, S., & Leidy, H. J. (2016). Protein ‘requirements’ beyond the rda: implications for optimizing health. Applied Physiology Nutrition Metabolism, 41(5), 565-72. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0550
• Pope, Jr, H.G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
• Rauch, S. L., Phillips, K. A., Segal, E., Makris, N., Shin, L. M., Whalen, P. J., … & Kennedy, D. N. (2003). A preliminary morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study of regional brain volumes in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 122(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(02)00117-8
• Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2003). A Longitudinal analysis of the role of biopsychosocial factors in predicting body change strategies among adolescent boys. Sex Roles, 48(7), 349-359. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022942614727
• Schneider, C., Rollitz, L., Voracek, M., & Hennig-Fast, K. (2016). Biological, psychological, sociocultural factors contributing to the drive for muscularity in weight-training men. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01992
• Skemp, K. M., Mikat, R. P., Schenck, K. P., & Kramer, N. A. (2013). Muscle dysmorphia: Risk may be influenced by goals of the weightlifter. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(9), 2427-2432. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182825474
• Tchanturia, K., Davies, H., & Campbell, I. C. (2007). Cognitive remediation therapy for patients with anorexia nervosa: preliminary findings. Annals of General Psychiatry, 6, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-6-14
• Turk, F., & Waller, G. (2020). Is self-compassion relevant to the pathology and treatment of eating and body image concerns? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 79, 1018-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101856