Research Article
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The Effect Of Digital Technologies On Financial Inclusion: The Case Of The Emerging European Economies

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 67 - 80, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1508696

Abstract

The study aims to empirically research the effect of digital technologies on financial inclusion. The paper examined emerging European countries and discussed the period from 2010-2019. A panel data analysis was performed. Six different panel data models were constructed. The number of bank branches per 100.000 people and the number of debit cards per 1.000 people are used in the models as indicators of financial inclusion. Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people, active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 people, and the proportion of Internet users are used as indicators of digital technologies. The estimation of the models confirmed that digital technologies have a significant and negative effect on the number of bank branches per 100.000 people and a significant and positive effect on the number of bank cards per 1.000 people. According to results the utilize of digital technologies has a positive effect on financial inclusion, especially in the banking sector. This situation will allow countries to improve the degree of financial inclusion.

Ethical Statement

I hereby declare that the study titled “The Effect Of Digital Technologies On Financial Inclusion: The Case Of The Emerging European Economies” submitted to the InTraders International Trade Academic Journal is a study that does not require an ethics committee.

Supporting Institution

No

Thanks

I would like to thank to Journal Board Members

References

  • Adeoye, B.W., & Alenoghena, R.O.(2019).Internet usage, financial inclusion, and economic growth in Nigeria. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 19(2).1-12. https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Section%20I/1.pdf
  • Agyekum, F., Locke, S., & Hewa-Wellalage, N. (2016). Financial inclusion and digital financial services: Empirical evidence from Ghana. MPRA Paper, 82885, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/82885/1/MPRA_paper_82474.pdf
  • Akpa, A.F., & Asongu, S. A. (2023).The role of governance in the effect of the Internet on financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS) Working Paper, 23(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4315622
  • Al-Smadi, M. O. (2022). Examining the relationship between digital finance and financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA countries. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(2),464-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.016
  • Andrianaivo, M., & Kpodar, K. (2011). ICT, financial inclusion, and growth: Evidence from African countries, IMF Working Paper, 11(73), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781455227068.001
  • Alraja, M.N, Alshubiri, F., Khashab, B.M., & Shah, M. (2023).The financial access, ICT trade balance, and dark and bright sides of digitalization nexus in OECD countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 13, 177–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-023-00228-w.
  • Ajouz, M. A. M., & Abuamria,F. M J. (2021). Does mobile payment promote financial inclusion among Palestinian women: A quantitative approach through structural equation modeling. Journal of Islamic Finance, 10(2), 67–78. https://journals.iium.edu.my/iiibf-journal/index.php/jif/article/view/597/268
  • Bayar, Y., Gavriletea, M. D., & Păun, D. (2021). Impact of mobile phones and internet use on financial inclusion: empirical evidence from the EU post-communist countries. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27(3), 722–741. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14508
  • Bhargava, M., Bhargava, S., & Bhargava, R. K. (2014). Information and communication technology (ICT): The fınancial inclusion enabler. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 4(8), 1-12. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2502739
  • Chatterjee, A. (2020). Financial inclusion, information and communication technology diffusion, and economic growth: A panel data analysis, Information Technology for Development, 26(3), 607–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1734770
  • Çınar, M. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi stata ve eviews uygulamalı.(1th ed) Ekin Releases.
  • Daud, S. N. M., & Ahmad, A. H. (2023). Financial inclusion, economic growth and the role of digital technology, Finance Research Letters, 53, 103602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103602
  • Daud, S. N. M., Ahmad, H. & Trinugroho, I. (2024). Financial inclusion, digital technology, and economic growth: Further evidence, Research in International Business and Finance, 70, 102361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102361.
  • Diniz, E., Birochi, R., & Pozzebon, M. (2012). Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 11(5), 484-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2011.07.006
  • Espinosa-Vega, M. Shirono, K. Villanova, H.C., Chhabra, E., Das, B., & Fan, Y. (2020). Measuring financial access-10 years of the ımf financial access survey. International Monetary Fund, 20(8),1-44. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2020/05/12/Measuring-Financial-Access-10-Years-of-the-IMF-Financial-Access-Survey-49298
  • Evans, O. (2012). Connecting the poor: The Internet, mobile phones and financial inclusion in Africa. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 20(6), 568-581. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-04-2018-0018
  • Fauzia, L.R., Trinugroho, I., & Suryanto. (2022). The financial inclusion-environmental quality nexus: Do information and communication technologies make a difference? International Journal of Business and Society, 23(3), 1588-1599. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.5185.2022
  • Falaiye, T., Elufioye, O. A., Awonuga, K. F., Ibeh, C. V., Olatoye, F. O., & Mhlongo, N. Z. (2024). Financial inclusion through technology: A review of trends in emerging markets. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(2), 368-379. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i2.776
  • Fernandes, C., Borges, M.R., & Caiado, J. (2021). The contribution of digital financial services to financial inclusion in Mozambique: An ARDL model approach, Applied Economics, 53 (3), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1808177
  • Honohan, P. (2006). Household financial assets in the process of development, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper ,3965, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548880.003.0013
  • Hussein, H. (2020). The impact of financial technology on financial inclusion: The case of Egypt. Journal of Economics and Finance,11(6).35-51. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jef/papers/Vol11-Issue6/Series-2/E1106023551.pdf
  • International Monetary Fund, Financial Access Survey, https://data.imf.org/?sk=e5dcab7e-a5ca-4892-a6ea-598b5463a34c&sid=1390030109571, (05.06.2023)
  • International Telecommunication Union, https://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx, (05.06.2023)
  • Kouladoum, J.C., Wirajing, M.A.K., & Nchofoung, T.N. (2022). Digital technologies and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 46, 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102387
  • Lapukeni, A. F. (2015). Financial inclusion and the impact of ICT: An overview. American Journal of Economics, 5(5): 495-500. http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.economics.20150505.09.html
  • Lenka, S. K., & Barik, R.(2018). Has the expansion of mobile phone and internet use spurred financial inclusion in the SAARC countries? Financial Innovation, 4(5),1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0089-x
  • Li, Z., Chen, B., & Lu, S. (2022). The impact of information and communication technology on financial inclusion—based on a global perspective. AIMS Mathematics, 7(12): 20930–20961. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.20221147
  • Mumtaz, M. Z. (2024). Financial inclusion, digital finance and agricultural participation. Agricultural Finance Review,2(3), 84,393-113.https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-10-2023-0132.
  • Mushtaq, R., & Bruneau, C. (2019). Microfinance, financial inclusion, and ICT: implications for poverty and inequality. Technology in Society, 59,1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101154
  • Naveenan, R.V., Liew, C.Y., & Kijkasiwa, P. (2024). Nexus between financial inclusion, digital inclusion and health outcomes: Evidence from developing economies. Social Indicators Research, 174, 367–4088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-024-03391-y
  • Nnaomah, U. I., Aderemi, S., Olutimehin, D. O., Orieno, O. H., & Ogundipe, D. O. (2024). Digital banking and financial inclusion: a review of practices in the USA and Nigeria. Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 6(3), 463-490. https://doi.org/10.51594/farj.v6i3.971
  • Nwafor, M. C. (2018). Nexus between Internet penetration and financial inclusion in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2(10).220-225. http://eprints.gouni.edu.ng/984/1/Nexus%20between%20Internet%20Penetration%20and%20Financial.pdf
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M. S., Hall, J. H., & Bennett, S. E. (2021). Sustainable economic development in India: The dynamics between financial inclusion, ICT development, and economic growth. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, pp. 169, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120758
  • Rumondang, I., Yusgiantoro, I. B., & Rofifa, J. S. (2020). Effects of information and communication technology on financial inclusion: Evidence across emerging and developing countries. Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, 1-32. https://www.ojk.go.id/id/data-dan-statistik/research/working-paper/Documents/OJK_WP.20.08%20.pdf
  • Shen Y., Hueng, C. J., & Hu, W. (2020). Using digital technology to improve financial inclusion in China, Applied Economics Letters, 27(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2019.1606401
  • Shen, Y., Hu, W., & Hueng, C. J. (2018). The effects of financial literacy, digital financial product usage, and internet usage on financial inclusion in China. MATEC Web of Conferences 05012 (228), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822805012
  • Siddik, M. N. A., Sun, G., Yanjuan, C., & Kabiraj, S. (2014). Financial inclusion through mobile banking: A case of Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 4(6), 109-136. https://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JAFB/Vol%204_6_7.pdf
  • Tsimisaraka, R.S.M., Xiang, L., Andrianarivo, A.R.N.V., Josoa, E.Z., Khan N., Hanif, M.S., K., A., & Limongi, R. (2023). Impact of financial inclusion, globalization, renewable energy, ICT, and economic growth on CO2 emission in OBOR countries. Sustainability, pp. 15, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086534
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı (6th ed). Beta Releases.
  • Wellalage, N. H., Hunjra, A. I., & Manita, R. Locke, S. M. (2021). Information communication technology and financial inclusion of innovative entrepreneurs. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 163, 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120416
  • World Bank, World Development Indicators, (2023). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (05.06.2023)
  • World Bank, Financial Inclusion Overview, (2024). https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/overview (13.12.2024).
  • Widyastuti, U., Respati, D. K., Dewi, V. I., & Soma, A. M. (2024). The nexus of digital financial inclusion, digital financial literacy and demographic factors: lesson from Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2322778
  • Yue, P., Korkmaz, A. G., Yin,Z., & Zhou, H. (2022). The rise of digital finance: Financial inclusion or debt trap? Finance Research Letters, 47, 102604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102604
  • Zou, X., Dai, W., & Meng, Ş. (2024). The impacts of digital finance on economic resilience, Sustainability, 16, 7305. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su16177305
Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 67 - 80, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1508696

Abstract

References

  • Adeoye, B.W., & Alenoghena, R.O.(2019).Internet usage, financial inclusion, and economic growth in Nigeria. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 19(2).1-12. https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Section%20I/1.pdf
  • Agyekum, F., Locke, S., & Hewa-Wellalage, N. (2016). Financial inclusion and digital financial services: Empirical evidence from Ghana. MPRA Paper, 82885, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/82885/1/MPRA_paper_82474.pdf
  • Akpa, A.F., & Asongu, S. A. (2023).The role of governance in the effect of the Internet on financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS) Working Paper, 23(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4315622
  • Al-Smadi, M. O. (2022). Examining the relationship between digital finance and financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA countries. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(2),464-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.016
  • Andrianaivo, M., & Kpodar, K. (2011). ICT, financial inclusion, and growth: Evidence from African countries, IMF Working Paper, 11(73), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781455227068.001
  • Alraja, M.N, Alshubiri, F., Khashab, B.M., & Shah, M. (2023).The financial access, ICT trade balance, and dark and bright sides of digitalization nexus in OECD countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 13, 177–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-023-00228-w.
  • Ajouz, M. A. M., & Abuamria,F. M J. (2021). Does mobile payment promote financial inclusion among Palestinian women: A quantitative approach through structural equation modeling. Journal of Islamic Finance, 10(2), 67–78. https://journals.iium.edu.my/iiibf-journal/index.php/jif/article/view/597/268
  • Bayar, Y., Gavriletea, M. D., & Păun, D. (2021). Impact of mobile phones and internet use on financial inclusion: empirical evidence from the EU post-communist countries. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27(3), 722–741. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14508
  • Bhargava, M., Bhargava, S., & Bhargava, R. K. (2014). Information and communication technology (ICT): The fınancial inclusion enabler. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 4(8), 1-12. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2502739
  • Chatterjee, A. (2020). Financial inclusion, information and communication technology diffusion, and economic growth: A panel data analysis, Information Technology for Development, 26(3), 607–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1734770
  • Çınar, M. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi stata ve eviews uygulamalı.(1th ed) Ekin Releases.
  • Daud, S. N. M., & Ahmad, A. H. (2023). Financial inclusion, economic growth and the role of digital technology, Finance Research Letters, 53, 103602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103602
  • Daud, S. N. M., Ahmad, H. & Trinugroho, I. (2024). Financial inclusion, digital technology, and economic growth: Further evidence, Research in International Business and Finance, 70, 102361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102361.
  • Diniz, E., Birochi, R., & Pozzebon, M. (2012). Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 11(5), 484-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2011.07.006
  • Espinosa-Vega, M. Shirono, K. Villanova, H.C., Chhabra, E., Das, B., & Fan, Y. (2020). Measuring financial access-10 years of the ımf financial access survey. International Monetary Fund, 20(8),1-44. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2020/05/12/Measuring-Financial-Access-10-Years-of-the-IMF-Financial-Access-Survey-49298
  • Evans, O. (2012). Connecting the poor: The Internet, mobile phones and financial inclusion in Africa. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 20(6), 568-581. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-04-2018-0018
  • Fauzia, L.R., Trinugroho, I., & Suryanto. (2022). The financial inclusion-environmental quality nexus: Do information and communication technologies make a difference? International Journal of Business and Society, 23(3), 1588-1599. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.5185.2022
  • Falaiye, T., Elufioye, O. A., Awonuga, K. F., Ibeh, C. V., Olatoye, F. O., & Mhlongo, N. Z. (2024). Financial inclusion through technology: A review of trends in emerging markets. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(2), 368-379. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i2.776
  • Fernandes, C., Borges, M.R., & Caiado, J. (2021). The contribution of digital financial services to financial inclusion in Mozambique: An ARDL model approach, Applied Economics, 53 (3), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1808177
  • Honohan, P. (2006). Household financial assets in the process of development, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper ,3965, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548880.003.0013
  • Hussein, H. (2020). The impact of financial technology on financial inclusion: The case of Egypt. Journal of Economics and Finance,11(6).35-51. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jef/papers/Vol11-Issue6/Series-2/E1106023551.pdf
  • International Monetary Fund, Financial Access Survey, https://data.imf.org/?sk=e5dcab7e-a5ca-4892-a6ea-598b5463a34c&sid=1390030109571, (05.06.2023)
  • International Telecommunication Union, https://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx, (05.06.2023)
  • Kouladoum, J.C., Wirajing, M.A.K., & Nchofoung, T.N. (2022). Digital technologies and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 46, 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102387
  • Lapukeni, A. F. (2015). Financial inclusion and the impact of ICT: An overview. American Journal of Economics, 5(5): 495-500. http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.economics.20150505.09.html
  • Lenka, S. K., & Barik, R.(2018). Has the expansion of mobile phone and internet use spurred financial inclusion in the SAARC countries? Financial Innovation, 4(5),1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0089-x
  • Li, Z., Chen, B., & Lu, S. (2022). The impact of information and communication technology on financial inclusion—based on a global perspective. AIMS Mathematics, 7(12): 20930–20961. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.20221147
  • Mumtaz, M. Z. (2024). Financial inclusion, digital finance and agricultural participation. Agricultural Finance Review,2(3), 84,393-113.https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-10-2023-0132.
  • Mushtaq, R., & Bruneau, C. (2019). Microfinance, financial inclusion, and ICT: implications for poverty and inequality. Technology in Society, 59,1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101154
  • Naveenan, R.V., Liew, C.Y., & Kijkasiwa, P. (2024). Nexus between financial inclusion, digital inclusion and health outcomes: Evidence from developing economies. Social Indicators Research, 174, 367–4088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-024-03391-y
  • Nnaomah, U. I., Aderemi, S., Olutimehin, D. O., Orieno, O. H., & Ogundipe, D. O. (2024). Digital banking and financial inclusion: a review of practices in the USA and Nigeria. Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 6(3), 463-490. https://doi.org/10.51594/farj.v6i3.971
  • Nwafor, M. C. (2018). Nexus between Internet penetration and financial inclusion in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2(10).220-225. http://eprints.gouni.edu.ng/984/1/Nexus%20between%20Internet%20Penetration%20and%20Financial.pdf
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M. S., Hall, J. H., & Bennett, S. E. (2021). Sustainable economic development in India: The dynamics between financial inclusion, ICT development, and economic growth. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, pp. 169, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120758
  • Rumondang, I., Yusgiantoro, I. B., & Rofifa, J. S. (2020). Effects of information and communication technology on financial inclusion: Evidence across emerging and developing countries. Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, 1-32. https://www.ojk.go.id/id/data-dan-statistik/research/working-paper/Documents/OJK_WP.20.08%20.pdf
  • Shen Y., Hueng, C. J., & Hu, W. (2020). Using digital technology to improve financial inclusion in China, Applied Economics Letters, 27(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2019.1606401
  • Shen, Y., Hu, W., & Hueng, C. J. (2018). The effects of financial literacy, digital financial product usage, and internet usage on financial inclusion in China. MATEC Web of Conferences 05012 (228), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822805012
  • Siddik, M. N. A., Sun, G., Yanjuan, C., & Kabiraj, S. (2014). Financial inclusion through mobile banking: A case of Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 4(6), 109-136. https://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JAFB/Vol%204_6_7.pdf
  • Tsimisaraka, R.S.M., Xiang, L., Andrianarivo, A.R.N.V., Josoa, E.Z., Khan N., Hanif, M.S., K., A., & Limongi, R. (2023). Impact of financial inclusion, globalization, renewable energy, ICT, and economic growth on CO2 emission in OBOR countries. Sustainability, pp. 15, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086534
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı (6th ed). Beta Releases.
  • Wellalage, N. H., Hunjra, A. I., & Manita, R. Locke, S. M. (2021). Information communication technology and financial inclusion of innovative entrepreneurs. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 163, 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120416
  • World Bank, World Development Indicators, (2023). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (05.06.2023)
  • World Bank, Financial Inclusion Overview, (2024). https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/overview (13.12.2024).
  • Widyastuti, U., Respati, D. K., Dewi, V. I., & Soma, A. M. (2024). The nexus of digital financial inclusion, digital financial literacy and demographic factors: lesson from Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2322778
  • Yue, P., Korkmaz, A. G., Yin,Z., & Zhou, H. (2022). The rise of digital finance: Financial inclusion or debt trap? Finance Research Letters, 47, 102604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102604
  • Zou, X., Dai, W., & Meng, Ş. (2024). The impacts of digital finance on economic resilience, Sustainability, 16, 7305. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su16177305
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Financial Markets and Institutions
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hilal Ok Ergün 0000-0002-1454-3677

Early Pub Date December 31, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date July 1, 2024
Acceptance Date December 19, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ok Ergün, H. (2024). The Effect Of Digital Technologies On Financial Inclusion: The Case Of The Emerging European Economies. InTraders International Trade Academic Journal, 7(2), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1508696