A Comparative Analysis of Normative and Realpolitik Instruments in Resolution of International Problems: Turkey’s Mediation in Iran and Syrian Crisis

Abstract

In international relations, states can use different practices in line with their goals and interests and

they may prefer realpolitik or more normative means according to their priorities. Turkey, especially

after 2000’s, aimed to be more active in foreign policy and “mediation” activities that carried out in

various regions has become one of the instruments of achieving targets. Beside mediation which can

be considered as a normative instrument by giving priority to diplomacy in conflict resolution and

aiming to sustain interstate dialogue, in cases where there is a threat to national security, it can be

seen that coercive and hard power means may add as a complementary of the process. The foreign

policy of Turkey was influenced by on the one hand changes in domestic circumstances, on the other

hand events in global politics and the article aims to put forth that these influence reflected mediation

initiatives. The changing nature of Turkey’s mediation can be observed in Iran and Syria cases.

Keywords

• Mediation,Normative,Realpolitik,Turkey,Iran,Syria

Uluslararası Sorunların Çözümünde Normatif ve Reel Politik Araçların Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analizi: İran ve Suriye Krizi’nde Türkiye’nin Arabuluculuğu

Abstract

References

1. ACPRS (2017). The Astana Agreement: Russia Preempts No-Fly Zones. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Assessment Report, https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/lists/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary/Astana_Agreement_Guarantees_May_2017.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). Ahtisaari, M. ve K. Rintakoski (2013). Mediation. A.F. Cooper, J. Heine ve R. Thakur (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy içinde. UK: Oxford University Press, s. 274-286. Alfoneh, A. ve Modell, S. (2016). The Iran-North Korea Nuclear Nexus: Unanswered Questions. FDD Press, Washington. Aljazeera (2010). Iran Accepts Nuclear-Fuel Swap Deal, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/05/201051755444737189.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). Bahgat G. (2006). Nuclear proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian Studies, 39 (3), s. 307-327. BBC (2011). Suriyeli muhalifler Türkiye'de toplandı. http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2011/05/110601_syria_conference.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). BBC (2017a). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: İdlib'e asker göndereceğiz. http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-41355776, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). BBC (2017b). Erdoğan: İdlib büyük ölçüde neticelendi, önümüzde Afrin var. http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-41726649, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2018). Benvenuti, B. (2017). The Migration Paradox and EU-Turkey Relations. IAI Working Papers, 17, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaiwp1705.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). Bercovitch, J. ve A. Kadayifci (2002). Exploring the Relevance and Contribution of Mediation to Peace-Building. Peace and Conflict Studies. 9 (2), s.21- 40. BM. (1945). Charter Of The United Nations And Statute Of The International Court Of Justice. 4.33, San Francisco, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2018). Bonab, R.G. (2009). Turkey’s Emerging Role as a Mediator on Iran’s Nuclear Activities. Insight Turkey, 11 (3), s.161-175. Borger, Julian (2010). Iran-Turkey Nuclear Swap Deal “Means New Sanctions Are Unnecessary. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/17/iran-nuclear-uranium-swap-turkey, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). Cagaptay, S. (2013). “Defining Turkish Power: Turkey as a Rising Power Embedded in the Western International System”, Turkish Studies, 14(4), s.797-811. Capussela, A.L. (2015). State-Building in Kosovo: Democracy, Corruption and the EU in the Balkans. London: I.B.Tauris. Celalifer Ekinci, A. (2009). İran Nükleer Krizi. Ankara: USAK. Dupont P.E. (2009). The EU-Iran Dialogue in the Context of the Ongoing Nuclear Crisis. Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, 3(1), s.95-110. EU (2011). Declaration by the High Representative, Catherine Ashton, on behalf of the European Union on EU action following the escalation of violent repression in Syria. European Union, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PESC-11-282_en.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). Gavin, F.J. (1999). Politics, Power, and U.S. Policy in Iran, 1950–1953. Journal of Cold War Studies, 1(1), s.56-89. Gilley, B. (2015). Turkey, Middle Powers, and the New Humanitarianism. Perceptions, 20(1), s. 37-58. Gürzel, A. (2012). Turkey’s Role in Defusing the Iranian Nuclear Issue. The Washington Quarterly, 35(3), s.141-152. Hirose, K. (2014). Paradox of Power: Coercive and Non-coercive Diplomacy. https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/hirosek/files/diplomacy5.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2018). HRW (2010). World Report. Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/world_report_download/wr2010_0.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). IAEA (2006). Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran. International Atomic Energy Association, https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/2006/iran_iaea_gov2006-53_31aug06.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). İçduygu, A. (2015). Syrian Refugees in Turkey The Long Road Ahead. Washington: Migration Policy Institute. Jenkins, B.M. (2013). The Role of Terrorism and Terror in Syria’s Civil War. RAND Office of External Affairs, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT400/CT402/RAND_CT402.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). Kibaroğlu, M. (2006). Good for the Shah, Banned for the Mullahs: The West and Iran's Quest for Nuclear Power. Middle East Journal, 60(2), s.207-232. Kirişçi, K. (2014). Syrian Refugees And Turkey’s Challenges: Going Beyond Hospitality. Washington: Brookings. Kök, H. ve İ.Öner (2016). Turkey’s Motives for Mediating the Iranian Nuclear Deal. Doğa Ulaş Eralp (Ed). Turkey as a Mediator: Stories of Success and Failure içinde, London: Lexington, s.55-81. Lewis, K.P ve C. College (2012). Four Types of Power in International Relations Coercive Power, Bargaining Power, Concerted Power, and Institutionalized Power. Paper for IPSA, XXIInd World Congress of Political Science, Madrid, http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_17484.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?. JCMS, 40(2), s.235-258. Manners, I. (2008). The normative Ethics of the European Union. International Affairs, 84(1), s.45- 60. MFA (2017). Dışişleri Bakanı Sayın Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu’nun IX. Büyükelçiler Konferansı Sonrasında Düzenlediği Basın Toplantısı. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Ankara, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-mevlut-cavusoglu_nun-ix_-buyukelciler-konferansi-sonrasinda-duzenledigi--basin-toplantisi_-14-ocak-2017_.tr.mfa, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2018). Moore, C.W. (2014). The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, US: Jossey-Bass. Morgenthau, H.J. (1978). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. NTV (2010). İran'a Yaptırım Kararı Çıktı. https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/irana-yaptirim-karari-cikti,zoQGyEgrpEms8Q9IvKrvew, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). NTV (2018). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan ÖSO'ya Kuva-yi Milliye Benzetmesi. https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogandanosoya-kuva-yi-milliye-benzetmesi,raav0PMwm0ex8gwd-QBftg, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2018). Nye, J.S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80, s. 153-171. Oxford. Mediate. Oxford Dictionary, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mediate Öniş, Z. (2017). The Age of Anxiety: The Crisis of Liberal Democracy in a Post-Hegemonic Global Order. Istituto Affari Internazionali, https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2017.1325133, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). Öniş, Z. ve M.Kutlay (2013). Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order: the political economy of Turkey in the age of BRICs. Third World Quarterly, 34(8), s.1409-1426. Öniş, Z. ve M.Kutlay (2016). The dynamics of emerging middlepower influence in regional and global governance: the paradoxical case of Turkey. Australian Journal of International Affairs, s.164-183, https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2016.1183586, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). Özkan, M. (2011). Turkey–Brazil Involvement in Iranian Nuclear Issue: What Is the Big Deal?. Strategic Analysis, 35(1), s.26-30. Parlar Dal, E. (2013). Assessing Turkey’s “Normative” Power in the Middle East and North Africa Region: New Dynamics and their Limitations. Turkish Studies, 14(4), s.709-734. Parlar Dal, E. ve G.Oğuz Gök (2014). Locating Turkey as a ‘Rising Power’ in the Changing International Order: An Introduction. Perceptions, 19(4), s.1-18. Samore, G., G.Allison, A.Arnold, M.Bunn (2015). The Iran Nuclear Deal A Definitive Guide. Cambridge: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School, https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/27029094/IranDealDefinitiveGuide.pdf?sequence=1, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2018). Sputnik (2017). New Turkish Military Operation in Syria Possible. https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201706281055031838-turkish-operation-syria-possible/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). Stein, A. (2011). Turkey and Iran’s Complicated Relationship. EDAM, http://edam.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Turkey_and_Irans_Complicated_Relationship.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). Tocci, N. (2007). Profiling Normative Foreign Policy: The European Union and its Global Partners. CEPS Working Document, 279, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1337974, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018). UNNC (2017). Russia, China block Security Council action on use of chemical weapons in Syria. United Nations News Centre, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56260#.WjgXd9SLSt8, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). UNSC (2006). Resolution 1737-2006. United Nations Security Council, https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res1737-2006.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2018). UNSC (2007). Resolution 1747-2007. United Nations Security Council, https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res1747-2007.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2018). UNSC (2008a). Resolution 1803-2008. United Nations Security Council, https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res1803-2008.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2018). UNSC (2008b). Resolution 1835-2008. United Nations Security Council, https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res1835-2008.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 11.06.2018). Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics, USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.