Dār al-Hijra in Khārijī and Ismāʿīlī Thought

Abstract

The understanding of dār al-hijra, whose roots lie in the emigration of the Prophet Muḥammad from Mecca to Medina, has found a significant place in the history of Islamic sects. By making this notion a part of their creeds, the Khārijīs and the Ismāʿīlīs have endeavored to legitimize some of their views. In this article, we try to bring to light how these sects understand the notion of dār al-hijra and what elements regarding the creed were later added to this concept.

Keywords

• Khawārij
• Ismāʿīliyya
• Qarmaṭiyya
• dār al-hijra
• taqiyya
• Khawārij, Ismāʿīliyya, Qarmaṭiyya, dār al-hijra, taqiyya

References

1. Abū Tammām, Bāb al-shayṭān min Kitāb al-shajara, in Wilferd Madelung and Paul Walker, An Ismaili Heresiography: The ‘Bāb al-shayṭān’ from Abū Tammām’s Kitāb al-shajara (Leiden, Boston & Köln: Brill, 1998).
2. al-ʿAlawī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUbayd Allāh, Sīrat al-Hādī ilā l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn (ed. Suhayl Zakkār; n.p., 1972).
3. al-Ashʿarī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Ismāʿīl, Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa-khtilāf al-muṣallīn, 2 parts in 1 vol., (ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd; 2nd edn., Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya, 1950).
4. Avcu, Ali, Karmatîler’in Doğuş ve Gelişim Süreci [The Formation and Deve-lopment of Qarmaṭism] (PhD dissertation; Ankara: Ankara University, 2009).
5. al-Baghdādī, Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Qāhir ibn Ṭāhir, al-Farq bayna l-firaq (ed. Muḥammad ʿUthmān al-Khusht; Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Sīnā, 1988).
6. Crone, Patricia, “A Statement by the Najdiyye Khārijites on the Dispensability of the Imamate,” Studia Islamica 88 (1998), 55-76.
7. Daftary, Farhad, A Short History of the Ismailis: Traditions of a Muslim Com-munity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998).
8. Ghālib, Muṣṭafā, Tārīkh al-daʿwa al-Ismāʿīliyya (Beirut: Dār al-Andalus, 1965).

9. Halm, Heinz, Shiʿism (translated from German by Janet Watson; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991).
10. Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Naṣībī, Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ (ed. Johannes Heindrik Kramers; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1939).
11. Ibn Khaldūn, Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad, Kitāb al-ʿIbar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-l-khabar fī ayyām al-ʿArab wa-l-ʿAjam wa-l-Barbar, 7 vols., (Bulaq: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Miṣriyya, 1867).
12. Ibn al-Dawādārī, Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aybak, Kanz al-durar wa-jāmiʿ al-ghurar: al-Durra al-muḍiyya fī akhbār al-Dawla al-Fāṭimiyya (vol. VI: ed. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Munajjid; Cairo: al-Maʿhad al-Almānī li-l-Āthār, 1961).
13. al-Idrīsī, Idrīs ibn ʿImād al-Dīn ibn Ḥasan ibn ʿAbd Allāh, ʿUyūn al-akhbār (ed. Muṣṭafā Ghālib; Beirut: Dār al-Andalus, 1986).
14. al-Isfarāyīnī, Abū l-Muẓaffar Shahfūr ibn Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad, al-Tabṣīr fī l-dīn wa-tamyīz al-firqa al-nājiya ʿan al-firaq al-hālikīn (ed. Kamāl Yūsuf al-Ḥūt; Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1983).
15. Jaʿfar ibn Manṣūr al-Yemen, Sarāʾir wa-asrār al-nuṭaqāʾ (ed. Muṣṭafā Ghālib; Beirut: Dār al-Andalus, 1984).
16. al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī, Ittiʿāẓ al-ḥunafāʾ bi-dhikr aʾimmat al-khulafāʾ (ed. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl; Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī, 1948).
17. ______ Kitāb al-muqaffā al-kabīr, 8 vols., (ed. Muḥammad al-Yaʿlāwī; Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1991).
18. al-Nāshiʾ al-Akbar, Abū l-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad, Masāʾil al-imāma wa-muqtaṭafāt min al-Kitāb al-awsaṭ fī l-maqālāt (ed. Josef van Ess; Beirut: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1971).
19. Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Abū Muʿīn Nāṣir ibn Khusraw ibn Ḥārith al-Qubādiyānī, Sa-farnāma-i Ḥakīm Nāṣir-i Khusraw: bi-inẓimām-i Rawshanāʾīnāma wa-Saʿādatnāma (ed. Maḥmūd Ghanīzāda; Berlin: Kaviani Press, 1922).
20. al-Nuwayrī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (ed. Muḥammad Jābir ʿAbd al-ʿĀl al-Ḥīnī; Cairo: al-Maktaba al-ʿArabiyya, 1948).
21. al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad al-Hamadānī, Tathbīt dalāʾil al-nubuwwa, 2 vols., (ed. ʿAbd al-Karīm ʿUthmān; Bei-rut: Dār al-ʿArabiyya, 1966).
22. al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān, Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān ibn Muḥammad al-Tamīmī al-Maghribī, vol. I: Daʿāʾim al-Islām, vols. II and III: Taʾwīl al-daʿāʾim (ed. Muḥammad Ḥasan al-Aʿẓamī; Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1982).
23. ______ Risālat iftitāḥ al-daʿwa (= Risāla fī ẓuhūr al-daʿwa al-ʿUbaydiyya al-Fāṭimiyya) (ed. Wadād al-Qāḍī; Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1970).
24. al-Rabīʿ ibn Ḥabīb ibn ʿAmr al-Ibāḍī, al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ (= Musnad al-Imām al-Rabīʿ ibn Ḥabīb) (ed. Muḥammad Idrīs and ʿĀshūr ibn Yūsuf; Beirut: Dār al-Ḥikma, 1995).
25. al-Rāzī, Abū Ḥātim Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdān, Kitāb al-zīna fī l-kalimāt al-Islāmiyya al-ʿArabiyya (part III, ed. ʿAbd Allāh Sallūm al-Sāmarrāʾī), in al-Sāmarrāʾī, al-Ghuluww wa-l-firaq al-ghāliya fī l-ḥaḍāra al-Islāmiyya (2nd edn., Baghdād: Dār Wāsiṭ li-l-Nashr, 1982), 225-312.
26. Sālim ibn Dhakwān, The Epistle of Sālim ibn Dhakwān (= Sīra) (ed. Patricia Crone and Fritz W. Zimmermann; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
27. al-Shahrastānī, Abū l-Fatḥ Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Milal wa-l-niḥal, 3 vols., (ed. Aḥmad Fahmī Muḥammad; Fusṭāṭ: n.p., 1948).
28. Watt, W. Montgomery, “Khārijite Thought in the Umayyad Period,” Der Islam 36/3 (1961), 215-231.
29. al-Yemenī, Abū Muḥammad, ʿAqāʾid al-thalāth wa-sabʿīn firqa, 2 vols., (ed. Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ghāmidī; Medina: Maktabat al-ʿUlūm wa-l-Ḥikam, 1993).
30. al-Yemenī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Sīrat Jaʿfar al-Ḥājib (trans. Wladimir Ivanow), in Wladimir Ivanow (ed.), Ismaili Tradition concerning the Rise of the Fatimids (= al-Muntakhab min baʿḍ kutub al-Ismāʿīliyya) (Calcut-ta: Oxford University Press, 1942).