The theistic concept of God is grounded in the absolute perfection of God. This belief has a philosophical and religious foundation. However, the idea of a perfect being also leads to various problems. Some philosophical and theological approaches attempt to solve such problems by limiting the attributes of God. Among them, kenosis offers solutions to certain difficulties in classical theism. However, it also creates additional issues. This study discusses the history of and problems associated with the limitation of God.
References
Albayrak, Mevlüt, “İkbal’de Tanrı’nın Kudreti ve Kötülük Problemi,” Tasavvuf: İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 3/7 (2001), 185-193.
Albayrak, Mevlüt, “Muhammed İkbal’in Din Felsefesinde Alfred North White-head’in Etkisi,” Dinî Araştırmalar 4/11 (2001), 35-65.
Alpyağıl, Recep (ed.), Geleneksel ve Çağdaş Metinlerle Din Felsefesine Dair Okumalar 1 (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2011).
Arıcan, M. Kazım, Panteizm, Ateizm ve Panenteizm Bağlamında Spinoza’nın Tanrı Anlayışı (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2004).
Aristotle, Metafizik (translated into Turkish by Ahmet Arslan; Istanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar, 1996).
Aydın, Mehmet S., Din Felsefesi (10th edn., Izmir: İzmir İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2002).
Aydın, Mehmet S., “Muhammed İkbal’in Din Felsefesinde ‘Ulûhiyet’ Kavramı,” Ankara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi İslâm İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 4 (1980), 199-209.
Aydın, Mehmet S., “Süreç (Proses) Felsefesi Işığında Tanrı-Âlem İlişkisi,” in his Âlemden Allah’a (Istanbul: Ufuk Kitapları, 2001), 35-108.
Carmody, J. M., “Kenosis,” in Thomas Carson and Joann Cerrito (ed.), New Catholic Encyclopedia, Second Edition (USA: Thomson Gale, 2003).
Cobb, Jr., John B. and Griffin, David R., Süreç Teolojisi (translated into Turkish by Tuncay İmamoğlu and Ruhattin Yazoğlu; Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006).
Creel, Richard E., “Immutability and Impassibility,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 322-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch38
Crisp, Oliver D., Divinity and Humanity: The Incarnation Reconsidered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805332
Dan, Joseph, Kabbalah: A Very Short Introduction (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Dodds, Michael J., The Unchanging God of Love: Thomas Aquinas and Contemporary Theology on Divine Immutability (2nd edn., Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008).
Doncel, S. J., Manuel G., “The Kenosis of the Creator and of the Created Co-Creator,” Zygon 39/4 (2004), 791-800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2004.00619.x
Eco, Umberto, Yorum ve Aşırı Yorum (4th edn., translated into Turkish by Kemal Atakay; Istanbul: Can Yayınları, 2008).
Edwards, Rem B., “God and Process,” in James Franklin Harris (ed.), Logic, God and Metaphysics (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1982), 45-57.
Erdoğan, İsmail, “Tanrı’nın Değişmezliği Problemi,” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 13/1 (2004), 39-52.
Evans, C. Stephen, “Introduction: Understanding Jesus the Christ as Human and Divine,” in C. Stephen Evans (ed.), Exploring Kenotic Christology (The Self-Emptying of God) (Oxford & New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1-24.
Ford, Lewis S., “Can Whitehead’s God Be Rescued from Process Theism,” in James Franklin Harris (ed.), Logic, God and Metaphysics (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1982), 19-39.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Filozofların Tutarsızlığı (Tahāfut al-falāsifa) (ed. with Turkish translation by Mahmut Kaya and Hüseyin Sarıoğlu; Istanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2005).
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, İtikadda Orta Yol (al-Iqtiṣād fī l-iʿtiqād) (ed. with Turkish translation by Osman Demir; Istanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2012).
Giller, Pinchas, Reading the Zohar: The Sacred Text of the Kabbalah (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Hartshorne, Charles, A Natural Theology for Our Time (6th edn., La Salle, III: Open Court, 1989).
Hartshorne, Charles, Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1984).
Ibn Rushd, Abū l-Walīd Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī, Felsefe-Din İlişkileri (=Faṣl al-maqāl and al-Kashf ʿan minhāj al-adilla) (translated into Turkish with an introduction by Süleyman Uludağ; Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2004).
Ibn Rushd, Abū l-Walīd Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī, Tutarsızlığın Tutarsızlığı (Tahāfut al-Tahāfut) (translated into Turkish by Kemal Işık and Mehmet Dağ; Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1986).
Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī, Kitâbu’ş-Şifâ: Metafizik II (al-Ilāhiyyāt) (ed. with Turkish translation by Ekrem Demirli and Ömer Türker; Istanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2005).
İkbal, Muhammed (= Muhammad Iqbal), İslâm’da Dinî Düşüncenin Yeniden Doğuşu (translated into Turkish by N. Ahmet Asrar; Istanbul: Birleşik Yayıncılık, n.d.).
Kaya, Mahmut, “Gazzâlî Filozofları Tekfir Etmekte Haklı mıydı?,” in 900. Vefât Yılında İmâm Gazzâlî: Milletlerarası Tartışmalı İlmî Toplantı – 07-09 Ekim 2011 İstanbul (Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2012), 43-51.
Kenny, Anthony, The God of the Philosophers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979).
Kenny, Anthony, “Tanrı’nın ‘Önceden Bilme’si ve İnsan Hürriyeti,” ( = Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom”, in Anthony Kenny [ed.], Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays, [Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969])” (translated into Turkish by Hanifi Özcan), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6 (1989), 625-638.
Kurt, Ali Osman, Ultra-Ortodoks Yahudiler: Hasidiler ve Mitnagedler (Sivas: Asitan Yayınları, 2011).
Laitman, Rav Michael, Basic Concepts in Kabbalah: Expanding Your Inner Vision (Toronto, Ont.: Laitman Kabbalah Publishers, 2006).
Le Poidevin, Robin, “Kenosis, Necessity and Incarnation,” The Heythrop Journal 54/2 (2013), 214-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2012.00796.x
Mavrodes, George I., “Omniscience,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 251-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch28
McClain, Alva J., “The Doctrine of the Kenosis in Philippians 2:5-8,” The Master’s Seminary Journal 9/1 (1998), 85-96.
Moltmann, Jürgen, God in Creation: An Ecological Doctrine of Creation (The Gifford Lectures 1984-1985) (London: SCM Press, 1985).
Monserrat, Javier, “Kenosis: Towards a New Theology of Science,” Pensamiento: Revista de investigación e Información filosófica 63/238 (2007), 637-658.
Oliver, Simon, “Trinity, Motion and Creation ex Nihilo,” in David B. Burrell, Carlo Cogliati, Janet M. Soskice, and William R. Stoeger (eds.), Creation and the God of Abraham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 133-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778063.011
Ormsby, Eric Lee, İslam Düşüncesinde ‘İlahi Adalet’ Sorunu (Teodise) [= Theodicy in Islamic Thought: The Dispute Over Al-Ghazali’s Best of All Possible ] (translated into Turkish by Metin Özdemir; Ankara: Kitâbiyât, 2001).
Özcan, Hanifi, “Bilgi-Obje İlişkisi Açısından İnsan Hürriyeti,” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 5 (1989), 263-286.
Özdemir, Metin, Allah’ın Bilgisinin Ezelîliği ve İnsan Hürriyeti (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2003).
Peacocke, Arthur, Theology for a Scientific Age: Being and Becoming - Natural, Divine, and Human (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1993).
Plantinga, Alvin, Does God Have a Nature? (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1980).
Polkinghorne, John, Faith, Science & Understanding (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
Rudavsky, Tamar (ed.), Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy: Islamic Jewish and Christian Perspectives (Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, 1985).
Russell, Robert John, “Introduction,” in Robert John Russell, Nancey Murphy and Arthur R. Peacocke (eds.), Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action (Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1995), 1-31.
Sia, Santiago, God in Process Thought: A Study in Charles Hartshorne’s Concept of God (Dordrecht & Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5069-6
Stump, Eleonore, “Simplicity,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 270-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch31
Swinburne, Richard, Tanrı Var mı? (translated into Turkish by Muhsin Akbaş; Bursa: Arasta Yayınları, 2001).
Swinburne, Richard, The Christian God (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994).
Swinburne, Richard, The Coherence of Theism (revised edn., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
Tarakçı, Muhammet, St. Thomas Aquinas (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006).
Torrance, Alan J., “Creatio ex Nihilo and the Spatio-Temporal Dimensions, with special reference to Jürgen Moltmann and D. C. Williams,” in Colin E. Gunton (ed.), The Doctrine of Creation: Essays in Dogmatics, History and Philosophy (London & New York, NY: T & T Clark, 2004), 83-103.
Ward, Keith, Rational Theology and the Creativity of God (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985).
Ward, Wayne E., “The Person of Christ: The Kenotic Theory,” in Carl F. H. Henry (ed.), Basic Christian Doctrines (Dallas: C Bible Society, 2002), 131-138.
Webb, Mark Owen, “Perfect Being Theology,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 227-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch25
Whitehead, Alfred North, Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (New York: The Free Press, 1978).
Whitehead, Alfred North, Science and the Modern World (New York, NY: New American Library, 1948).
Wierenga, Edward R., The Nature of God: An Inquiry into Divine Attributes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
Wolfson, Harry Austryn, The Philosophy of the Kalam (Cambridge, Mass. & London: Harvard University Press, 1976).
Yazoğlu, Ruhattin, “Süreç Teolojisinde Kötülük Sorunu,” EKEV Akademi Dergisi - Sosyal Bilimler - 10/29 (2006), 135-144.
Kenosis (Self-Limitation of God) A Philosophical and Theological Approach
The theistic concept of God is grounded in the absolute perfection of God. This belief has a philosophical and religious foundation. However, the idea of a perfect being also leads to various problems. Some philosophical and theological approaches attempt to solve such problems by limiting the at-tributes of God. Among them, kenosis offers solutions to certain difficulties in classical theism. However, it also creates additional issues. This study discusses the history of and problems associated with the limitation of God.
Albayrak, Mevlüt, “İkbal’de Tanrı’nın Kudreti ve Kötülük Problemi,” Tasavvuf: İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 3/7 (2001), 185-193.
Albayrak, Mevlüt, “Muhammed İkbal’in Din Felsefesinde Alfred North White-head’in Etkisi,” Dinî Araştırmalar 4/11 (2001), 35-65.
Alpyağıl, Recep (ed.), Geleneksel ve Çağdaş Metinlerle Din Felsefesine Dair Okumalar 1 (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2011).
Arıcan, M. Kazım, Panteizm, Ateizm ve Panenteizm Bağlamında Spinoza’nın Tanrı Anlayışı (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2004).
Aristotle, Metafizik (translated into Turkish by Ahmet Arslan; Istanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar, 1996).
Aydın, Mehmet S., Din Felsefesi (10th edn., Izmir: İzmir İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2002).
Aydın, Mehmet S., “Muhammed İkbal’in Din Felsefesinde ‘Ulûhiyet’ Kavramı,” Ankara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi İslâm İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 4 (1980), 199-209.
Aydın, Mehmet S., “Süreç (Proses) Felsefesi Işığında Tanrı-Âlem İlişkisi,” in his Âlemden Allah’a (Istanbul: Ufuk Kitapları, 2001), 35-108.
Carmody, J. M., “Kenosis,” in Thomas Carson and Joann Cerrito (ed.), New Catholic Encyclopedia, Second Edition (USA: Thomson Gale, 2003).
Cobb, Jr., John B. and Griffin, David R., Süreç Teolojisi (translated into Turkish by Tuncay İmamoğlu and Ruhattin Yazoğlu; Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006).
Creel, Richard E., “Immutability and Impassibility,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 322-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch38
Crisp, Oliver D., Divinity and Humanity: The Incarnation Reconsidered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805332
Dan, Joseph, Kabbalah: A Very Short Introduction (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Dodds, Michael J., The Unchanging God of Love: Thomas Aquinas and Contemporary Theology on Divine Immutability (2nd edn., Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008).
Doncel, S. J., Manuel G., “The Kenosis of the Creator and of the Created Co-Creator,” Zygon 39/4 (2004), 791-800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2004.00619.x
Eco, Umberto, Yorum ve Aşırı Yorum (4th edn., translated into Turkish by Kemal Atakay; Istanbul: Can Yayınları, 2008).
Edwards, Rem B., “God and Process,” in James Franklin Harris (ed.), Logic, God and Metaphysics (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1982), 45-57.
Erdoğan, İsmail, “Tanrı’nın Değişmezliği Problemi,” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 13/1 (2004), 39-52.
Evans, C. Stephen, “Introduction: Understanding Jesus the Christ as Human and Divine,” in C. Stephen Evans (ed.), Exploring Kenotic Christology (The Self-Emptying of God) (Oxford & New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1-24.
Ford, Lewis S., “Can Whitehead’s God Be Rescued from Process Theism,” in James Franklin Harris (ed.), Logic, God and Metaphysics (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1982), 19-39.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Filozofların Tutarsızlığı (Tahāfut al-falāsifa) (ed. with Turkish translation by Mahmut Kaya and Hüseyin Sarıoğlu; Istanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2005).
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, İtikadda Orta Yol (al-Iqtiṣād fī l-iʿtiqād) (ed. with Turkish translation by Osman Demir; Istanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2012).
Giller, Pinchas, Reading the Zohar: The Sacred Text of the Kabbalah (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Hartshorne, Charles, A Natural Theology for Our Time (6th edn., La Salle, III: Open Court, 1989).
Hartshorne, Charles, Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1984).
Ibn Rushd, Abū l-Walīd Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī, Felsefe-Din İlişkileri (=Faṣl al-maqāl and al-Kashf ʿan minhāj al-adilla) (translated into Turkish with an introduction by Süleyman Uludağ; Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2004).
Ibn Rushd, Abū l-Walīd Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī, Tutarsızlığın Tutarsızlığı (Tahāfut al-Tahāfut) (translated into Turkish by Kemal Işık and Mehmet Dağ; Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1986).
Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī, Kitâbu’ş-Şifâ: Metafizik II (al-Ilāhiyyāt) (ed. with Turkish translation by Ekrem Demirli and Ömer Türker; Istanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2005).
İkbal, Muhammed (= Muhammad Iqbal), İslâm’da Dinî Düşüncenin Yeniden Doğuşu (translated into Turkish by N. Ahmet Asrar; Istanbul: Birleşik Yayıncılık, n.d.).
Kaya, Mahmut, “Gazzâlî Filozofları Tekfir Etmekte Haklı mıydı?,” in 900. Vefât Yılında İmâm Gazzâlî: Milletlerarası Tartışmalı İlmî Toplantı – 07-09 Ekim 2011 İstanbul (Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2012), 43-51.
Kenny, Anthony, The God of the Philosophers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979).
Kenny, Anthony, “Tanrı’nın ‘Önceden Bilme’si ve İnsan Hürriyeti,” ( = Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom”, in Anthony Kenny [ed.], Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays, [Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969])” (translated into Turkish by Hanifi Özcan), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6 (1989), 625-638.
Kurt, Ali Osman, Ultra-Ortodoks Yahudiler: Hasidiler ve Mitnagedler (Sivas: Asitan Yayınları, 2011).
Laitman, Rav Michael, Basic Concepts in Kabbalah: Expanding Your Inner Vision (Toronto, Ont.: Laitman Kabbalah Publishers, 2006).
Le Poidevin, Robin, “Kenosis, Necessity and Incarnation,” The Heythrop Journal 54/2 (2013), 214-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2012.00796.x
Mavrodes, George I., “Omniscience,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 251-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch28
McClain, Alva J., “The Doctrine of the Kenosis in Philippians 2:5-8,” The Master’s Seminary Journal 9/1 (1998), 85-96.
Moltmann, Jürgen, God in Creation: An Ecological Doctrine of Creation (The Gifford Lectures 1984-1985) (London: SCM Press, 1985).
Monserrat, Javier, “Kenosis: Towards a New Theology of Science,” Pensamiento: Revista de investigación e Información filosófica 63/238 (2007), 637-658.
Oliver, Simon, “Trinity, Motion and Creation ex Nihilo,” in David B. Burrell, Carlo Cogliati, Janet M. Soskice, and William R. Stoeger (eds.), Creation and the God of Abraham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 133-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778063.011
Ormsby, Eric Lee, İslam Düşüncesinde ‘İlahi Adalet’ Sorunu (Teodise) [= Theodicy in Islamic Thought: The Dispute Over Al-Ghazali’s Best of All Possible ] (translated into Turkish by Metin Özdemir; Ankara: Kitâbiyât, 2001).
Özcan, Hanifi, “Bilgi-Obje İlişkisi Açısından İnsan Hürriyeti,” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 5 (1989), 263-286.
Özdemir, Metin, Allah’ın Bilgisinin Ezelîliği ve İnsan Hürriyeti (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2003).
Peacocke, Arthur, Theology for a Scientific Age: Being and Becoming - Natural, Divine, and Human (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1993).
Plantinga, Alvin, Does God Have a Nature? (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1980).
Polkinghorne, John, Faith, Science & Understanding (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
Rudavsky, Tamar (ed.), Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy: Islamic Jewish and Christian Perspectives (Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, 1985).
Russell, Robert John, “Introduction,” in Robert John Russell, Nancey Murphy and Arthur R. Peacocke (eds.), Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action (Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1995), 1-31.
Sia, Santiago, God in Process Thought: A Study in Charles Hartshorne’s Concept of God (Dordrecht & Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5069-6
Stump, Eleonore, “Simplicity,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 270-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch31
Swinburne, Richard, Tanrı Var mı? (translated into Turkish by Muhsin Akbaş; Bursa: Arasta Yayınları, 2001).
Swinburne, Richard, The Christian God (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994).
Swinburne, Richard, The Coherence of Theism (revised edn., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
Tarakçı, Muhammet, St. Thomas Aquinas (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006).
Torrance, Alan J., “Creatio ex Nihilo and the Spatio-Temporal Dimensions, with special reference to Jürgen Moltmann and D. C. Williams,” in Colin E. Gunton (ed.), The Doctrine of Creation: Essays in Dogmatics, History and Philosophy (London & New York, NY: T & T Clark, 2004), 83-103.
Ward, Keith, Rational Theology and the Creativity of God (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985).
Ward, Wayne E., “The Person of Christ: The Kenotic Theory,” in Carl F. H. Henry (ed.), Basic Christian Doctrines (Dallas: C Bible Society, 2002), 131-138.
Webb, Mark Owen, “Perfect Being Theology,” in Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd edn., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 227-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320152.ch25
Whitehead, Alfred North, Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (New York: The Free Press, 1978).
Whitehead, Alfred North, Science and the Modern World (New York, NY: New American Library, 1948).
Wierenga, Edward R., The Nature of God: An Inquiry into Divine Attributes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
Wolfson, Harry Austryn, The Philosophy of the Kalam (Cambridge, Mass. & London: Harvard University Press, 1976).
Yazoğlu, Ruhattin, “Süreç Teolojisinde Kötülük Sorunu,” EKEV Akademi Dergisi - Sosyal Bilimler - 10/29 (2006), 135-144.