Research Article
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Factors Underlying Religious Orientation Scale - a Methodological Approach -

Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 215 - 235, 11.04.2012
https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2011.22.38

Abstract

This study translated the 21-item Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) into Persian and explored its factorial validity in Iran by administering it to 329 undergraduate university students and employing three methods of factor extraction, i.e., Maximum Likelihood (ML), Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Among the three methods, ML seems to be favored in the literature recently because it forms the basis of the structural equation modeling (SEM) upon which studies such as Brew-czynski and MacDonald’s (2006) are developed. The ML, PAF and PCA all extracted four latent variables (LVs) when they were applied to the partici-pants’ responses and the LVs were rotated via Varimax with Kaiser Nor-malization. When the highest loading of a cross loading item was kept and its loadings on other LVs were removed, it was found that the three meth-ods had the same items loading on factors three and four. The one-way ANOVA analysis of the mean of loadings and post hoc tests, however, showed that the PCA differed significantly from the ML and PAF. It was al-so found that the first factor extracted by the PAF is the same as the sec-ond factor of the ML and vice versa. Based on the items loading on the first two factors it is suggested that the PAF be adopted as the best method of factor extraction in both exploratory and confirmatory studies.

References

  • Almeida, Claudia Da Silva (2006), Religious Orientation and Pressure in Un-dergraduate Engineering Students (MA thesis; Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand).
  • Allport, Gordon Willard (1950), The Individual and His Religion: A Psycholog-ical Interpretation (New York: MacMillan).
  • Allport, G. W. and Ross, J. Michael (1967), “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5/4, 432-443.
  • Brewczynski, Jacek and MacDonald, Douglas A. (2006), “Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Scale with a Polish Sample,” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 16/1, 63-76.
  • Derogatis, Leonard R. & Lipman, Ronald S. & Rickles, Karl & Uhlenhuth, E. H. and Covi, Lino (1974), “The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A Self-report Symptom Inventory,” Behavioral Science 19/1, 1-15.
  • Feagin, Joe R. (1964), “Prejudice and Religious Types: A Focused Study of Southern Fundamentalists,” Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion 4/1, 3-13.
  • Genia, Vicky (1993), “A Psychometric Evaluation of the Allport-Ross I/E Scales in a Religiously Heterogeneous Sample,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32/3, 284-290.
  • Ghorbani, Nima & Watson, P. J. & Ghramaleki, Ahad Framarz & Morris, Ronald J., and Hood, Ralph W. (2000), “Muslim Attitudes towards Reli-gion Scale: Factors, Validity and Complexity of Relationships with Mental Health in Iran,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 3/2, 125-132.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (1999), Multiple-Choice Items in Testing: Practice and Theory (Tehran: Rahnama).
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2001), “Schema: A Theory of Translation,” in Sonia Cunico (ed.), Training Translators and Interpreters in the New Millennium, Portsmouth 17th March 2001 Conference Proceedings (Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth, School of Languages and Areas Studies), 107-123.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2008), “Measuring Translation Ability and Achievement: A Schema-Based Approach,” Quarterly Journal of Humanities, Al-Zahra University 18/70, 56-76.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2009), “The Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory: Factorial Va-lidity, Formal Education and the Academic Achievement of Iranian Students Majoring in English,” Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) 12/1, 115-165.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2010), “Factors Underlying Characteristics of English Language Teach-ers: Validity and Sample Effect,” Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) 13/2, 47-74.
  • Khodadady, E. and Hashemi, Mohammad Reza (2010), “Construct Validity of Beliefs about Language Learning: Componential or Factorial,” Ferdowsi Review 1/1, 3-20.
  • Miner, Maureen (2009), “The Impact of Child-Parent Attachment, Attachment to God and Religious Orientation on Psychological Adjustment,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 37/2, 114-124.
  • Robinson, John P. and Shaver, Phillip R. (eds.) (1973), Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes (Revised edn.) (Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research).
  • Vaus, David A. de (1985), Surveys in Social Research (Sydney: Allen & Un-win).
  • Weiten, Wayne (1988), “Pressure as a Form of Stress and Its Relationship to Psychological Symptomatology,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psycholo-gy 6/1, 127-139.
  • Weiten, Wayne (1992), Psychology: Themes and Variation (Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole).
  • Weiten, Wayne (1998), “Pressure, Major Life Events and Psychological Symptoms,” Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality 13/1, 51-68.
  • Wilde, Alex and Joseph, Stephen (1997), “Religiosity and Personality in a Mos-lem Context,” Personality and Individual Differences 23/5, 899–900.
Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 215 - 235, 11.04.2012
https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2011.22.38

Abstract

References

  • Almeida, Claudia Da Silva (2006), Religious Orientation and Pressure in Un-dergraduate Engineering Students (MA thesis; Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand).
  • Allport, Gordon Willard (1950), The Individual and His Religion: A Psycholog-ical Interpretation (New York: MacMillan).
  • Allport, G. W. and Ross, J. Michael (1967), “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5/4, 432-443.
  • Brewczynski, Jacek and MacDonald, Douglas A. (2006), “Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Scale with a Polish Sample,” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 16/1, 63-76.
  • Derogatis, Leonard R. & Lipman, Ronald S. & Rickles, Karl & Uhlenhuth, E. H. and Covi, Lino (1974), “The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A Self-report Symptom Inventory,” Behavioral Science 19/1, 1-15.
  • Feagin, Joe R. (1964), “Prejudice and Religious Types: A Focused Study of Southern Fundamentalists,” Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion 4/1, 3-13.
  • Genia, Vicky (1993), “A Psychometric Evaluation of the Allport-Ross I/E Scales in a Religiously Heterogeneous Sample,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32/3, 284-290.
  • Ghorbani, Nima & Watson, P. J. & Ghramaleki, Ahad Framarz & Morris, Ronald J., and Hood, Ralph W. (2000), “Muslim Attitudes towards Reli-gion Scale: Factors, Validity and Complexity of Relationships with Mental Health in Iran,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 3/2, 125-132.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (1999), Multiple-Choice Items in Testing: Practice and Theory (Tehran: Rahnama).
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2001), “Schema: A Theory of Translation,” in Sonia Cunico (ed.), Training Translators and Interpreters in the New Millennium, Portsmouth 17th March 2001 Conference Proceedings (Portsmouth, England: University of Portsmouth, School of Languages and Areas Studies), 107-123.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2008), “Measuring Translation Ability and Achievement: A Schema-Based Approach,” Quarterly Journal of Humanities, Al-Zahra University 18/70, 56-76.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2009), “The Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory: Factorial Va-lidity, Formal Education and the Academic Achievement of Iranian Students Majoring in English,” Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) 12/1, 115-165.
  • Khodadady, Ebrahim (2010), “Factors Underlying Characteristics of English Language Teach-ers: Validity and Sample Effect,” Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) 13/2, 47-74.
  • Khodadady, E. and Hashemi, Mohammad Reza (2010), “Construct Validity of Beliefs about Language Learning: Componential or Factorial,” Ferdowsi Review 1/1, 3-20.
  • Miner, Maureen (2009), “The Impact of Child-Parent Attachment, Attachment to God and Religious Orientation on Psychological Adjustment,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 37/2, 114-124.
  • Robinson, John P. and Shaver, Phillip R. (eds.) (1973), Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes (Revised edn.) (Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research).
  • Vaus, David A. de (1985), Surveys in Social Research (Sydney: Allen & Un-win).
  • Weiten, Wayne (1988), “Pressure as a Form of Stress and Its Relationship to Psychological Symptomatology,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psycholo-gy 6/1, 127-139.
  • Weiten, Wayne (1992), Psychology: Themes and Variation (Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole).
  • Weiten, Wayne (1998), “Pressure, Major Life Events and Psychological Symptoms,” Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality 13/1, 51-68.
  • Wilde, Alex and Joseph, Stephen (1997), “Religiosity and Personality in a Mos-lem Context,” Personality and Individual Differences 23/5, 899–900.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebrahim Khodadady This is me

Ehsan Golparvar This is me

Publication Date April 11, 2012
Submission Date October 31, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Khodadady, Ebrahim - Golparvar, Ehsan. “Factors Underlying Religious Orientation Scale - a Methodological Approach -”. Ilahiyat Studies 2/2 (April 2012), 215-235. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2011.22.38.

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