Was Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī “Exiled” to al-Rabadha? A Review on the Relations between Caliph ʿUthmān and Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī

Year 2014, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 37 - 58, 29.01.2015

Halil İbrahim Hançabay

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2014.51.97

Abstract

The period after the Prophet Muḥammad is significant in many respects. In particular, the events that took place during the time of the third caliph ʿUthmān, have a distinct importance because they had a profound impact on the future development of Islamic society. An important aspect of this period that affected political, religious, and social life during Islamic history was the relation between Caliph ʿUthmān and Abū Dharr, which resulted in Abū Dharr going to al-Rabadha. There are significant differences in the narratives related to these events. In some accounts, Abū Dharr went to al-Rabadha on his own request, whereas in others, he was sent into exile by the Caliph ʿUthmān because he protested his regime for corruption. This article aims to examine the relations between Caliph Uthmān and Abū Dharr in three steps: Abū Dharr’s leaving to Damascus; the events that occurred between Abū Dharr and Muʿāwiya; Abū Dharr’s coming back to Medina and then leaving (or being exiled) to al-Rabadha.

References

• Aḥmad Jawdat Pasha, Kısas-ı Enbiyâ ve Tevârih-i Hulefâ, 2 vols., (Istanbul: Bedir Yayınevi, 1966).
• Amḥazūn, Muḥammad, Taḥqīq mawāqif al-ṣaḥāba fī l-fitna min riwāyāt al-Imām al-Ṭabarī wa-l-muḥaddithīn (Cairo: Dār al-Salām, 2007).
• Anthony, Sean W., The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2012).
• Apak, Âdem, Hz. Osman Dönemi Devlet Siyaseti (Istanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2003).
• Arı, Mehmet Salih, İmamiye Şiası Kaynaklarına Göre İlk Üç Halife (Istanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2011).
• al-ʿAsqalānī, Abū l-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-bārī bi-sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 13 vols., (ed. Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī et al.; Cairo: Dār al-Maʿrifa, n.d.).
• al-ʿAsqalānī, Abū l-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī Ibn Ḥajar, Taqrīb al-Tahdhīb, 13 vols., (ed. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ʿAbd al-Laṭīf; 2nd edn., Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1975).
• Aycan, İrfan, Saltanata Giden Yolda Muaviye bin Ebî Süfyan (Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2001).
• Aycan, İrfan, “Mervân I,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXIX, 225-227.
• Aydınlı, Abdullah, “Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), X, 266-269.
• al-Balādhurī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 5 vols., (ed. S. D. F. Goitein; Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Press, 1936).
• al-Balādhurī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir, Futūḥ al-buldān (ed. ʿAbd Allāh Anīs al-Ṭabbāʿ; Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Maʿārif, 1987).
• Balcı, İsrafil, “Bir Yalnız Sahabi Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî,” Ondokuz Mayıs Üniver-sitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10 (1998), 351-386.
• al-Barzanjī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir, Ṣaḥīḥ wa-ḍaʿīf Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, 13 vols., (Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2007).
• al-Bukhārī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 6 vols., (Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1992).
• al-Bukhārī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl, al-Tārīkh al-kabīr, 12 vols., (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1986).
• Cameron, Alan John, Abû Dharr al-Ghifârî: An Examination of His Image in the Hagiography of Islam (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1982).
• Chelhod, J., “Ḥimā,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, III, 393.
• Çubukçu, Asri, “Habîb b. Mesleme,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XIV, 372-373.
• Della Vida, G. Levi [R. G. Khoury], “ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, X, 946-949.
• Demirci, Mustafa, İslamın İlk Üç Asrında Toprak Sistemi (Istanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2003).
• al-Dhahabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān, Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl, 4 vols., (ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bijāwī; Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1963).
• al-Dhahabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān, Tārīkh al-Islām wa-wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa-l-aʿlām, 53 vols., (ed. ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī; Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1987).
• Fayda, Mustafa, “Câbiye,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), VI, 538.
• Fayda, Mustafa, “Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklo-pedisi (DİA), XVIII, 324-338.
• Fayda, Mustafa, “Seyf b. Ömer,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XXXVII, 37.
• Fığlalı, Ethem Ruhi, “The Problem of Abd-Allah Ibn-Saba,” İslam İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 5 (1982), 379-390.
• Fığlalı, Ethem Ruhi, “Ali,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), II, 371-374.
• Fück, J. W., “Ḥabīb b. Maslama,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, III, 12.
• al-Ghabbān, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Fitnat maqtal ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, 2 vols., (Riyadh: Maktabat al-ʿUbaykān, 1999).
• Güzel, Ahmet, “Muâviye ve Hz. Osman’a Muhalefeti Ekseninde Ebû Zerr el-Ğıfârî,” Marife 12/3 (2012), 43-68.
• al-Ḥākim al-Nīsābūrī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad, al-Mustadrak ʿalā l-Ṣaḥīḥayn, 5 vols., (ed. Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Muqbil ibn Hādī al-Wādiʿī; Cairo: Dār al-Ḥaramayn, 1997).
• al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf ibn ʿAlī Ibn al-Muṭahhar, Nahj al-ḥaqq wa-kashf al-ṣidq (ed. ʿAyn Allāh al-Ḥasanī al-Urmawī; Qum: Muʾassasat Dār al-Hijra, 1986).
• Hodgson, M. G., “ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, I, 51.
• Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam, Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Miṣrī, Kitāb futūḥ Miṣr wa-akhbāruhā (ed. Charles C. Torrey; Leiden: Brill, 1920).
• Ibn al-Athīr, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, 13 vols., (ed. C. Johannes Tornberg; Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1965-1967).
• Ibn ʿAsākir, Abū l-Qāsim Thiqat al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Hibat Allāh, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, 80 vols., (ed. Muḥibb al-Dīn Abū Saʿīd ʿUmar ibn Gharāma al-ʿAmrawī; Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1996).
• Ibn Aʿtham, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-futūḥ, 4 vols., (ed. ʿAlī Shīrī; Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1991).
• Ibn Kathīr, Abū l-Fidāʾ ʿImād al-Dīn Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUmar, al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya, 14 vols., (Beirut: Maktabat al-Maʿārif, 1966).
• Ibn Khaldūn, Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad, Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn al-musammā Dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-l-khabar fī tārīkh al-ʿArab wa-l-Barbar wa-man ʿāṣarahum min dhawī l-shaʾn al-akbar, 8 vols., (eds. Khalīl Shiḥāda and Suhayl Zakkār; Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2000).
• Ibn Manẓūr, Abū l-Faḍl Ibn Manẓūr ibn Mukarram Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Anṣārī al-Miṣrī, Lisān al-ʿArab, 15 vols., (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1955-1956).
• Ibn Saʿd, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Manīʿ al-Zuhrī, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 9 vols., (ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās; Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1957-1968).
• Ibn Shabba, Abū Zayd ʿUmar ibn Shabba al-Numayrī al-Baṣrī, Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara, 4 vols., (ed. Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt; Jeddah: Dār al-Iṣfahānī, 1979).
• al-ʿIjlī, Abū l-Ḥasan Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ, Maʿrifat al-thiqāt min rijāl ahl al-ʿilm wa-l-ḥadīth wa-min al-ḍuʿafāʾ wa-dhikr madhāhibihim wa-akhbārihim, 2 vols., (ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAlīm ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Bastawī; Medina: Maktabat al-Dār, 1985).
• al-ʿIshsh, Yūsuf, al-Dawla al-Umawiyya wa-l-aḥdāth allatī sabaqathā wa-mahhadat lahā ibtidāʾan min fitnat ʿUthmān (2nd edn., Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1985).
• Jabali, Fuʾad, The Companions of The Prophet: A Study of Geographical Distribution and Political Alignments (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2003).
• Jaʿīṭ, Hishām, al-Fitna: Jadaliyyat al-dīn wa-l-siyāsa fī l-Islām al-mubakkir (4th edn., Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿa, 2000).
• Jāsim, Khalīl Ibrāhīm, “Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī: Jadaliyyat al-dhāt wa-l-mujtamaʿ,” Majallat al-Majmaʿ al-ʿIlmī al-ʿIrāqī 51/3 (2004), 179-210.
• Jobson, J., “Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, I, 114-115.
• Keaney, Heather N., Medieval Islamic Historiography: Remembering Rebellion (New York, NY: Routledge, 2013).
• Kelpetin, Mahmut, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn Dönemi Tarihi: Seyf b. Ömer ve Tarihçiliği (Istanbul: Siyer Yayınları, 2012).
• Lammens, Henri and Sourdel-Thomine, J., “al-Djābiya,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, II, 360.
• Madelung, Wilferd, The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
• al-Maqdisī, Abū Naṣr al-Muṭahhar ibn Ṭāhir, Kitāb al-badʾ wa-l-tārīkh, 6 vols., (ed. Clément Huart; Baghdad: Maktabat al-Muthannā, n.d.).
• al-Masʿūdī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, Murūj al-dhahab wa-maʿādin al-jawhar, 4 vols., (ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd; Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1973).
• al-Māwardī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb, al-Aḥkām al-sulṭāniyya wa-l-wilāyāt al-dīniyya (ed. Aḥmad Mubārak al-Baghdādī; Kuwait: Dār Ibn Qutayba, 1989).
• Milḥim, ʿAdnān Muḥammad, al-Muʾarrikhūn al-ʿArab wa-l-fitna al-kubrā (Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿa, 1998).
• al-Qasṭallānī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad, Irshād al-sārī li-sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 10 vols., (Būlāq: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Maymaniyya, 1304 H.).
• al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar, Tafsīr al-Fakhr al-Rāzī: Al-mushahhar bi-l-Tafsīr al-kabīr wa-Mafātīḥ al-ghayb, 32 vols., (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1990).
• Rihan, Mohammad, The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period (London & New York, NY: I. B. Tauris, 2014).
• al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā, Abū l-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Mūsā ibn Muḥammad, al-Shāfī fī l-imāma, 4 vols., (ed. ʿAbd al-Zahrāʾ al-Ḥusaynī al-Khaṭīb; Tehran: Muʾassasat al-Ṣādiq, 1986).
• al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī (Tārīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk), 11 vols., (ed. Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm; 2nd edn., Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1967).
• al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr, The History of al-Ṭabarī An Annotated Translation, vol. XIV: The Conquest of Iran A.D. 641-643/A.H. 21-23 (translated into English and annotated by G. Rex Smith; Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994).
• al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr, The History of al-Ṭabarī An Annotated Translation, vol. XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate, The Reign of ʿUthmān A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24-35 (translated into English and annotated by R. Stephen Humphreys; Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990).
• Vaglieri, L. Veccia, “ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, I, 381-386.
• al-Yaʿqūbī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Abī Yaʿqūb Isḥāq ibn Jaʿfar ibn Wahb ibn Wāḍiḥ, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1960).
• Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shihāb al-Dīn ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Muʿjam al-buldān, 5 vols., (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1977).
• Yiğit, İsmail, “Osman,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XXXIII, 438-443.