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A Reading in the Applied Ibāḍī Fiqh of International Relations: The Directive of Imām al-Ṣalt (d. 275/888) to His Army Concerning Socotra

Year 2019, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 7 - 45, 28.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2019.101.188

Abstract

The directive of the Omani Ibāḍī Imām al-Ṣalt ibn Khamīs al-Kharūṣī, read out to his army upon their deployment to the island of Socotra, is a document of 3rd/9th century Islamic international law. The local Christian community, being under covenant (dhimmah) with the Muslims, had broken their treaty by rebelling against Muslim rule and killing the Imām’s governor. This article analyzes the available historical sources and the directive as contained in Tuḥfat al-aʿyān bi-ṣīrat ahl ʿUmān, by the 13th/19th-century Omani scholar Imām al-Sālimī. It covers questions of authorship, details surrounding the campaign, and Islamic rules on international relations according to the Ibāḍī school. It provides insight into military organization and administration in al-Ṣalt’s imamate and allows an assessment of Muslim-Christian and international relations as well as those between followers of Ibāḍism and other schools. Al-Ṣalt’s legacy sets high ethical standards for warfare and anticipates a number of deliberations commonly considered as modern.

References

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Year 2019, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 7 - 45, 28.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2019.101.188

Abstract

References

  • al-Aghbarī, Ismāʿīl ibn Ṣāliḥ ibn Ḥamdān. “ʿAhd al-Imām al-Ṣalt ibn Mālik wa-ʿumuquhū l-ḥaḍārī.” In Aʿmāl nadwat taṭawwur al-ʿulūm al-fiqhiyyah fī ʿUmān. Al-Fiqh al-ḥaḍārī, fiqh al-ʿumrān, 73-104. Muscat: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-l-Shuʾūn al-Dīniyyah, 2012.
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  • al-Anbālī, Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Khamīs. “Tārīkh jazīrat Suqaṭrá.” n.p., n.d. http://www.soqotra.org/books/ahmedalanbali/historysocotrailand.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2017.
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  • Ennami, Amr. Studies in Ibadhism (al-Ibāḍiyah). Muscat: Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs, 2008.
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  • al-Hamdānī, Lisān al-Yaman al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn Yaʿqūb. Ṣifat jazīrat al-ʿArab. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Akwaʿ al-Ḥawālī. Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabiyyah, 2001.
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  • al-Kindī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Mūsá al-Nizwānī. Al-Muṣannaf fī l-adyān wa-l-aḥkām. 42 vols. Muscat: Wizārat al-Turāth al-Qawmī wa-l-Thaqāfah, 1984.
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  • Kondo, Yohei. “Ibāḍī Discussions on Conversion and Commitment.” Muslim World 105, no. 2 (2015): 224-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12093.
  • Majmūʿah min al-bāḥithīn. Muʿjam muṣṭalaḥāt al-Ibāḍiyyah. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Salṭanat ʿUmān: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-l-Shuʾūn al-Dīniyyah, 2012.
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  • al-Nadābī, Nāṣir. “Imāmat al-Imām al-ʿUmānī al-Ṣalt ibn Mālik al-Kharūṣī.” Public lecture held at Markaz Dār al-Qurʾān, al-Sīb, Oman. Video published Feb 8, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSo43_R-2nc.
  • Nāṣir, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ, and Ṣulṭān ibn Mubārak al-Shaybānī. Muʿjam aʿlām al-Ibāḍiyyah min al-qarn al-awwal al-hijrī ilā l-ʿaṣr al-ḥāḍir: Qism al-mashriq. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 2006.
  • al-Rawas, Isam Ali Ahmad. “Early Islamic Oman (ca. -622/280-893): A Political History.” PhD diss., Durham: Durham University, 1990.
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There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Anke Iman Bouzenıta 0000-0003-2907-8998

Publication Date November 28, 2019
Submission Date February 2, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Bouzenıta, Anke Iman. “A Reading in the Applied Ibāḍī Fiqh of International Relations: The Directive of Imām Al-Ṣalt (d. 275/888) to His Army Concerning Socotra”. Ilahiyat Studies 10/1 (November 2019), 7-45. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2019.101.188.
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