Research Article
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Freedom as an Issue in the Context of Transhumanism and Artificial Intelligence, Digitalization, and Robotics (AIDR)

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 51 - 84, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1261876

Abstract

Historically, the notion that knowledge and technology enhance human freedom has been accepted since the Renaissance. In fact, it cannot be ignored that “freedom” developed during the Renaissance, Enlightenment, industrialization, and technologicalization processes. While the development of the boundaries of the concept of freedom has increased with artificial intelligence, digitalization, and robotics (AIDR), this development has also created the problem of the violation of personal rights such as “privacy,” “confidentiality,” and “security,” which are the most essential concepts of humans and society. When the “Metaverse,” i.e., the “Web 3.0” process, is added to this phenomenon, the concept of freedom will develop more with the transcendence of time and space. Still, violations of personal rights, increased opportunities to commit crimes, and additional types of crimes will appear. The further development and increased visibility of AIDR require the ancient issue of freedom to be reconsidered in the context of “freedom and responsibility.”
Transhumanism is one of the 21st century’s most influential scientific and philosophical movements, and its goals will make the issue of freedom more important. Transhumanism, first used as a concept in 1957 in the context of the physical and cognitive development of human beings, suggests that natural human limits can be overcome with the possibilities of biotechnology, nanotechnology, cyber-technology, and cognitive sciences. Research in areas such as delaying aging, eugenics debates and discourses legitimizing eugenics, the claim that immortality can be achieved, the development of the mind with the possibilities of nanotechnology, the brain-machine interface (BMI), the development of the body with biotechnological elements and similar studies aim to realize the biological freedom of human beings. This potential biological freedom may yield a result inversely proportional to social freedom. This is because differences between individuals will create a situation of “superiority” that will lead to differences between individuals and classes and thus to inequality. This situation can foster slave-master processes. This process may occur not only between people but also between humans and AI and robotic applications. In addition, AIDR itself, its producer, and its user will differentiate the processes of freedom. In particular, whether transhumanist people are forced to use healing technologies or whether they develop and adapt their own bodies and minds as a result of their own choice or as a result of coercion are other matters of debate in the context of the issue of freedom. This study discusses freedom, an essential issue for humanity, in the context of AIDR processes and transhumanism, which includes these processes.

References

  • Ayala, Francisco J. “On the Origins of Modern Science: Copernicus and Darwin”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 101-113. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Barrat, James. Son İcadımız: Yapay Zekâ ve İnsanlık Çağının Sonu. Translated by Levent Tayla. İstanbul: Pegasus Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Belando, Laourent - Besnier, Jean M. Do Robots Make Love?: From AI to Immortality - Understanding Transhumanism in 12 Questions. London: Cassel Press, 2018.
  • Bostrom, Nick. “The Transhumanist FAQ”. Nick Bostrom. Accessed November 15, 2022. https://nickbostrom.com/views/transhumanist.pdf
  • Bostrom, Nick. Süper Zekâ: Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları, Tehlikeler ve Stratejiler. Translated by Ferit Burak Aydar. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Cahill, Jonathan M. “Freedom for Life: Karl Barth, Transhumanism and Human Flourishing”. Ethics & Medicine: An International Journal of Bioethics 30/2 (Summer 2014), 81-95.
  • Campa, Ricardo. Humans and Automata: A Social Study of Robotics. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2015.
  • Capurro, Rafael. “Digitization as an Ethical Challenge”. AI & Society 32/2 (2017), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-016-0686-z
  • Çıtak, Halim Alperen. “Transhümanizm Karşısında Hukuk Devleti İdeali”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 38 (2020), 1-40.
  • Cliquet, Robert - Avromov, Dragana. Evolution, Science, and Ethics in the Third Millennium: Challenges and Choices for Humankind. Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
  • Coursen, Jerry. “Against Species Extinction: Transhumanism and Contemporary Technological Culture”. In Building Better Humans?: Refocusing the Debate on Transhumanism. Edited by Hava-Tirosh Samuelson - Kenneth L. Mossman. 397-416. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. Çağdaş İngiliz-Yahudi Medeniyeti’nin Oluşumunda David Hume. İstanbul: Külliyat Yayınları, 2016.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. Transhümanizm: İnsanın ve Dünyanın Dönüşümü. Ankara: Elis Yayınları, 2018.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. İnsansız Dünya: Transhümanizm. İstanbul: Ketebe Yayınları, 2020.
  • Oxford English Dictionary. https://www.oed.com/search/advanced/Meanings?textTermText0=digitalization&textTermOpt0=WordPhrase
  • Earle, Joshua. “Engineering Our Selves: Morphological Freedom and the Myth of Multiplicity”. In Engineering and Philosophy: Reimagining Technology and Social Progress. Edited by Zachary Pirtle et al. 25-52. Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
  • Fenton, Elizabeth. “Liberal Eugenics and Human Nature: Against Habermas”. Hastings Center Report 36/6 (2006), 5-42. https://doi.org/10.1353/hcr.2006.0093
  • Förster, Yvonne. “The Body as Medium: Fashion as Art”. In From Humanism to Meta-Post- and Transhumanism. Edited by Irina Deretić - Stefan Lorenz. 321-332. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Frodeman, Robert. Transhumanism, Nature, and the Ends of Science. London: Routledge, 2019.
  • Fuller, Steve. “Morphological freedom and the question of responsibility and representation in transhumanism”. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics 4/2 (2016), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.3384/confero.2001-4562.161206
  • Geraci, Robert M. “Video Games and the Transhuman Inclination”. Zygon 47/4 (2012), 735-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01292.x
  • Gonzales, Daniel. Metaverse Investing: How NFTs, Web 3.0, Virtual Land, and Virtual Reality Are Going to Change the World as We Know It. Independently Published, 2021.
  • Habermas, Jurgen, İnsan Doğasının Geleceği. Translated by Kaan H. Ökten. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2019.
  • Hall, Melinda C. The Bioethics of Enhancement: Transhumanism, Disability, and Biopolitics. Pennsylvania: Lexington Books, 2017.
  • Huberman, Jenny. Transhumanism: From Ancestors to Avatars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Hughes, James. “Transhumanism and Personal Identity”. In The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future. Edited by Max More - Natasha Vita-More, 227-233. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Keiper, Adam. “Transhumanism, Freedom, and Coercion”. The New Atlantis. Accessed May 5, 2022. https://www.thenewatlantis.com/futurisms/transhumanism-freedom-and-coercion
  • Klichowski, Michal. “Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs”. Research Gate. Accessed June 12, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277341437_Transhumanism_and_the_idea_of_education_in_the_world_of_cyborgs
  • Knoepffler, Nikolaus. “Ethical Assessment of Human Genetic Enhancement”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 67-83. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Krüger, Oliver. Virtual Immortality: God, Evolution, and the Singularity in Post- and Transhumanism. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2021.
  • Manzocco, Roberto. Transhumanism: Engineering the Human Condition History, Philosophy and Current Status. Switzerland: Springer, 2019.
  • Midson, Scott A. The Cyborg and the Human: Origins, Creatureliness, and Hybridity in Theological Anthropology. Manchester: The University of Manchester, Faculty of Humanities, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2015.
  • Patra, Indrajit. Going Beyond the Limits: Exploring the Elements of Posthumanism, Transhumanism and Singularity in Some Select Contemporary Hard Science Fiction Novels. Delhi: Walnut, 2021.
  • Pearce, David. “İnsanlık İçin En Büyük Tehdit, Bizzat İnsan Doğasıdır”. Interviewer: Serdar Bilir. Cins Dergisi 64 (2021), 24-25.
  • Piedra, Jonathan. “Technological Enhancement and Happiness: A Review of Morphological Freedom”. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 15/1 (2019), 275-291.
  • Pilsch, Andrew. Transhumanism: Evolutionary Futurism and the Human Technologies of Utopia. Minneapolis - London: University of Minnesota Press, 2017.
  • Ranisch, Roberto. “Morality”. In Beyond Humanism: Trans- and Posthumanism, Post- and Transhumanism: An Introduction. Edited by Robert Ranisch - Stefan Lorenz Sorgner. 149-172. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2014.
  • Reilly, Colleen A. “Gender and Bioenhancement”. In Posthumanism: The Future of Homo Sapiens. Edited by Michael Bess - Diana Walsh Pasulka. 273-285. Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA, 2018.
  • Russel, Stuart - Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995.
  • Samuelson, Hava-Tirosh - Mossman, Kenneth L. “New Perspectives on Transhumanism”. In Building Better Humans?: Refocusing the Debate on Transhumanism. Edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson - Kenneth L. Mossman. 29-54. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012.
  • Sandberg, Anders. “Morphological Freedom - Why We not Just Want It, but Need It”. In The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future. ed. Max More - Natasha Vita-More. 54-64. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Saveliev, Anton - Zhurenkov, Denis. “Artificial Intelligence and Social Responsibility: The Case of the Artificial Intelligence Strategies in the United States, Russia, and China”. Kybernetes 50/3 (2021), 656-675. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2020-0060
  • Skågeby, Jörgen. “Im/possible desires: media temporalities and (post)human technology relationships”. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics 4/2 (2016), 47-76. https://doi.org/10.3384/confero.2001-4562.161216
  • Sorgner, Stefan L. “Evolutionary Theory Applied to Institutions: The Impact of Europeanization on Higher Education Policies”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 145-169. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2013.
  • Sorgner, Stephan L. “Evolution, Education, and Genetic Enhancement”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 85-89. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Tennison, Michael N. “Moral Transhumanism: The Next Step”. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 37/4 (2012), 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhs024
  • Yu, Hun, et al. “Building Ethics into Artificial Intelligence”. Arxiv. Accessed December 12, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02953.
  • Zizek, Slavoj. “The Sexual is Political”. The Philosophical Salon. Accessed February 17, 2022. http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the-sexual-is-political/
  • Walker, Mark. “Transhumanism”. In What’s Next: What Science Can Tell Us About Our Fascinating Future. Edited by Jim Al-Khalili. 59-66. London: Profile Books, 2017.
  • Wilson, James. “Transhumanism and Moral Equality”. Bioethics 21/8 (2007), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00579.x

Freedom as an Issue in the Context of Transhumanism and Artificial Intelligence, Digitalization, and Robotics (AIDR)

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 51 - 84, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1261876

Abstract

Historically, the notion that knowledge and technology enhance human freedom has been accepted since the Renaissance. In fact, it cannot be ignored that “freedom” developed during the Renaissance, Enlightenment, industrialization, and technologicalization processes. While the development of the boundaries of the concept of freedom has increased with artificial intelligence, digitalization, and robotics (AIDR), this development has also created the problem of the violation of personal rights such as “privacy,” “confidentiality,” and “security,” which are the most essential concepts of humans and society. When the “Metaverse,” i.e., the “Web 3.0” process, is added to this phenomenon, the concept of freedom will develop more with the transcendence of time and space. Still, violations of personal rights, increased opportunities to commit crimes, and additional types of crimes will appear. The further development and increased visibility of AIDR require the ancient issue of freedom to be reconsidered in the context of “freedom and responsibility.”
Transhumanism is one of the 21st century’s most influential scientific and philosophical movements, and its goals will make the issue of freedom more important. Transhumanism, first used as a concept in 1957 in the context of the physical and cognitive development of human beings, suggests that natural human limits can be overcome with the possibilities of biotechnology, nanotechnology, cyber-technology, and cognitive sciences. Research in areas such as delaying aging, eugenics debates and discourses legitimizing eugenics, the claim that immortality can be achieved, the development of the mind with the possibilities of nanotechnology, the brain-machine interface (BMI), the development of the body with biotechnological elements and similar studies aim to realize the biological freedom of human beings. This potential biological freedom may yield a result inversely proportional to social freedom. This is because differences between individuals will create a situation of “superiority” that will lead to differences between individuals and classes and thus to inequality. This situation can foster slave-master processes. This process may occur not only between people but also between humans and AI and robotic applications. In addition, AIDR itself, its producer, and its user will differentiate the processes of freedom. In particular, whether transhumanist people are forced to use healing technologies or whether they develop and adapt their own bodies and minds as a result of their own choice or as a result of coercion are other matters of debate in the context of the issue of freedom. This study discusses freedom, an essential issue for humanity, in the context of AIDR processes and transhumanism, which includes these processes.

References

  • Ayala, Francisco J. “On the Origins of Modern Science: Copernicus and Darwin”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 101-113. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Barrat, James. Son İcadımız: Yapay Zekâ ve İnsanlık Çağının Sonu. Translated by Levent Tayla. İstanbul: Pegasus Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Belando, Laourent - Besnier, Jean M. Do Robots Make Love?: From AI to Immortality - Understanding Transhumanism in 12 Questions. London: Cassel Press, 2018.
  • Bostrom, Nick. “The Transhumanist FAQ”. Nick Bostrom. Accessed November 15, 2022. https://nickbostrom.com/views/transhumanist.pdf
  • Bostrom, Nick. Süper Zekâ: Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları, Tehlikeler ve Stratejiler. Translated by Ferit Burak Aydar. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Cahill, Jonathan M. “Freedom for Life: Karl Barth, Transhumanism and Human Flourishing”. Ethics & Medicine: An International Journal of Bioethics 30/2 (Summer 2014), 81-95.
  • Campa, Ricardo. Humans and Automata: A Social Study of Robotics. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2015.
  • Capurro, Rafael. “Digitization as an Ethical Challenge”. AI & Society 32/2 (2017), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-016-0686-z
  • Çıtak, Halim Alperen. “Transhümanizm Karşısında Hukuk Devleti İdeali”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 38 (2020), 1-40.
  • Cliquet, Robert - Avromov, Dragana. Evolution, Science, and Ethics in the Third Millennium: Challenges and Choices for Humankind. Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
  • Coursen, Jerry. “Against Species Extinction: Transhumanism and Contemporary Technological Culture”. In Building Better Humans?: Refocusing the Debate on Transhumanism. Edited by Hava-Tirosh Samuelson - Kenneth L. Mossman. 397-416. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. Çağdaş İngiliz-Yahudi Medeniyeti’nin Oluşumunda David Hume. İstanbul: Külliyat Yayınları, 2016.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. Transhümanizm: İnsanın ve Dünyanın Dönüşümü. Ankara: Elis Yayınları, 2018.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. İnsansız Dünya: Transhümanizm. İstanbul: Ketebe Yayınları, 2020.
  • Oxford English Dictionary. https://www.oed.com/search/advanced/Meanings?textTermText0=digitalization&textTermOpt0=WordPhrase
  • Earle, Joshua. “Engineering Our Selves: Morphological Freedom and the Myth of Multiplicity”. In Engineering and Philosophy: Reimagining Technology and Social Progress. Edited by Zachary Pirtle et al. 25-52. Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
  • Fenton, Elizabeth. “Liberal Eugenics and Human Nature: Against Habermas”. Hastings Center Report 36/6 (2006), 5-42. https://doi.org/10.1353/hcr.2006.0093
  • Förster, Yvonne. “The Body as Medium: Fashion as Art”. In From Humanism to Meta-Post- and Transhumanism. Edited by Irina Deretić - Stefan Lorenz. 321-332. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Frodeman, Robert. Transhumanism, Nature, and the Ends of Science. London: Routledge, 2019.
  • Fuller, Steve. “Morphological freedom and the question of responsibility and representation in transhumanism”. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics 4/2 (2016), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.3384/confero.2001-4562.161206
  • Geraci, Robert M. “Video Games and the Transhuman Inclination”. Zygon 47/4 (2012), 735-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01292.x
  • Gonzales, Daniel. Metaverse Investing: How NFTs, Web 3.0, Virtual Land, and Virtual Reality Are Going to Change the World as We Know It. Independently Published, 2021.
  • Habermas, Jurgen, İnsan Doğasının Geleceği. Translated by Kaan H. Ökten. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2019.
  • Hall, Melinda C. The Bioethics of Enhancement: Transhumanism, Disability, and Biopolitics. Pennsylvania: Lexington Books, 2017.
  • Huberman, Jenny. Transhumanism: From Ancestors to Avatars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Hughes, James. “Transhumanism and Personal Identity”. In The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future. Edited by Max More - Natasha Vita-More, 227-233. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Keiper, Adam. “Transhumanism, Freedom, and Coercion”. The New Atlantis. Accessed May 5, 2022. https://www.thenewatlantis.com/futurisms/transhumanism-freedom-and-coercion
  • Klichowski, Michal. “Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs”. Research Gate. Accessed June 12, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277341437_Transhumanism_and_the_idea_of_education_in_the_world_of_cyborgs
  • Knoepffler, Nikolaus. “Ethical Assessment of Human Genetic Enhancement”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 67-83. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Krüger, Oliver. Virtual Immortality: God, Evolution, and the Singularity in Post- and Transhumanism. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2021.
  • Manzocco, Roberto. Transhumanism: Engineering the Human Condition History, Philosophy and Current Status. Switzerland: Springer, 2019.
  • Midson, Scott A. The Cyborg and the Human: Origins, Creatureliness, and Hybridity in Theological Anthropology. Manchester: The University of Manchester, Faculty of Humanities, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2015.
  • Patra, Indrajit. Going Beyond the Limits: Exploring the Elements of Posthumanism, Transhumanism and Singularity in Some Select Contemporary Hard Science Fiction Novels. Delhi: Walnut, 2021.
  • Pearce, David. “İnsanlık İçin En Büyük Tehdit, Bizzat İnsan Doğasıdır”. Interviewer: Serdar Bilir. Cins Dergisi 64 (2021), 24-25.
  • Piedra, Jonathan. “Technological Enhancement and Happiness: A Review of Morphological Freedom”. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 15/1 (2019), 275-291.
  • Pilsch, Andrew. Transhumanism: Evolutionary Futurism and the Human Technologies of Utopia. Minneapolis - London: University of Minnesota Press, 2017.
  • Ranisch, Roberto. “Morality”. In Beyond Humanism: Trans- and Posthumanism, Post- and Transhumanism: An Introduction. Edited by Robert Ranisch - Stefan Lorenz Sorgner. 149-172. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2014.
  • Reilly, Colleen A. “Gender and Bioenhancement”. In Posthumanism: The Future of Homo Sapiens. Edited by Michael Bess - Diana Walsh Pasulka. 273-285. Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA, 2018.
  • Russel, Stuart - Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995.
  • Samuelson, Hava-Tirosh - Mossman, Kenneth L. “New Perspectives on Transhumanism”. In Building Better Humans?: Refocusing the Debate on Transhumanism. Edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson - Kenneth L. Mossman. 29-54. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012.
  • Sandberg, Anders. “Morphological Freedom - Why We not Just Want It, but Need It”. In The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future. ed. Max More - Natasha Vita-More. 54-64. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Saveliev, Anton - Zhurenkov, Denis. “Artificial Intelligence and Social Responsibility: The Case of the Artificial Intelligence Strategies in the United States, Russia, and China”. Kybernetes 50/3 (2021), 656-675. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2020-0060
  • Skågeby, Jörgen. “Im/possible desires: media temporalities and (post)human technology relationships”. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics 4/2 (2016), 47-76. https://doi.org/10.3384/confero.2001-4562.161216
  • Sorgner, Stefan L. “Evolutionary Theory Applied to Institutions: The Impact of Europeanization on Higher Education Policies”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 145-169. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2013.
  • Sorgner, Stephan L. “Evolution, Education, and Genetic Enhancement”. In Evolution and the Future: Anthropology, Ethics, Religion. Edited by Stefan Lorenz Sorgner - Branka-Rista Jovanovic. 85-89. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2016.
  • Tennison, Michael N. “Moral Transhumanism: The Next Step”. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 37/4 (2012), 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhs024
  • Yu, Hun, et al. “Building Ethics into Artificial Intelligence”. Arxiv. Accessed December 12, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02953.
  • Zizek, Slavoj. “The Sexual is Political”. The Philosophical Salon. Accessed February 17, 2022. http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the-sexual-is-political/
  • Walker, Mark. “Transhumanism”. In What’s Next: What Science Can Tell Us About Our Fascinating Future. Edited by Jim Al-Khalili. 59-66. London: Profile Books, 2017.
  • Wilson, James. “Transhumanism and Moral Equality”. Bioethics 21/8 (2007), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00579.x
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies, Religious Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Dağ 0000-0001-6173-9966

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Submission Date March 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Dağ, Ahmet. “Freedom As an Issue in the Context of Transhumanism and Artificial Intelligence, Digitalization, and Robotics (AIDR)”. Ilahiyat Studies 14/1 (July 2023), 51-84. https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1261876.
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