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Experiencing al-Ḥusayn’s Suffering: Qamahzanī in the Shīʿī Mourning Tradition

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 289 - 317, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1264277

Abstract

Qamahzanī (or qamazanī, qama-zanī, i.e., mortifying oneself with a sharp object) is one of the most controversial components of the Shīʿī mourning culture. This ceremony aims to share and experience al-Imām al-Ḥusayn’s pain, and it has been performed by various Shīʿī communities for the last centuries. Historical data show that qamahzanī has been practiced in Iran since the Safavid period and spread to other countries with large Shīʿī populations, such as Syria and Iraq, during the Qajar period. Travel books that describe mourning in Iran during the Safavid period provide essential data about the first examples of qamahzanī, its transformation, and its place in popular religiosity. In addition, since the Safavid era, Shīʿī scholars have adopted different attitudes toward qamahzanī, and this ritual has been the subject of politics as well as piety. This article aims to understand the historical course of qamahzanī as well as its relationship with religion and politics and, indirectly, to question the power of high religious discourse to shape popular religiosity.

References

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  • Ahıshalı, Mustafa Melih. “Şirazilerin İran Muhalefetinde Yer Edinme Çabası”. Anadolu Ajansı. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/sirazilerin-iran-muhalefetinde-yer-edinme-cabasi-/1093283
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  • And, Metin. Ritüelden Drama: Kerbelâ-Muharrem-Ta‘ziye. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 3rd edition, 2012.
  • Awliyāʾ Chalabī (as Evliyâ Çelebi). Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi 4. Kitap. Translated by Seyit Ali Kahraman - Yücel Dağlı. 2 Vols. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2010.
  • Aydoğmuşoğlu, Cihat. “Safevi Tarih Yazıcılığı ve Safevi Çağı Kronikleri”. Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/1 (Spring 2019), 143-164.
  • Bekbabayi, Behruz - Başar, Umut. “Muharrem Ritüellerinde İslam Öncesi İnanç İzleri: İran Türkleri Örneği”. Millî Folklor 16/125 (Spring 2020), 110-122.
  • Büyükkara, Mehmet Ali. “Çağdaş Şîa Düşüncesinde Kerbela’nın Problemli Mirası: İmam Hüseyin Kazanmak İçin mi Yoksa Canını Feda İçin mi Ayaklandı?”. Çeşitli Yönleriyle Kerbela (Tarih Bilimleri). Edited by Alim Yıldız - Ali Aksu. 1/383-407. Sivas: Asitan Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Calmard, Jean. “Shiʿi Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shiʿism: Folklore and Popular Religion”. Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Edited by Charles Melville. 139-190. London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.
  • Ende, Werner. “The Flagellations of Muḥarram and the Shiʿite ʿUlamāʾ”. Der Islam 55/1 (1978), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1978.55.1.19
  • Flaskerud, Ingvild. “Ritual Creativity and Plurality: Denying Twelver Shia Blood-Letting Practices”. The Ambivalence of Denial: Danger and Appeal of Rituals. Edited by Ute Hüsken - Udo Simon. 109-134. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc5pg1z.7
  • Hacıgökmen, Mehmet Ali. “Türklerde Yas Âdeti Temelleri ve Sonuçları”. Tarihçiliğe Adanmış Bir Ömür: Prof. Dr. Nejat Göyünç’e Armağan. Edited by Hasan Bahar - Mustafa Toker - M. Ali Hacıgökmen - H. Gül Küçükbezci. 393-422. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 2013.
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  • J. M. Tancoigne. A Narrative of a Journey into Persia and Residence at Teheran, Containing a Descriptive Itinerary from Constantinople to the Persian Capital. London: Printed for William Wright, 1820.
  • Kaya, Zeynep Sena. İran’da Âşûrâ Merasimleri ve Tarihsel Gelişimi. Bursa: Uludağ University, Institute of Social Sciences, Master’s Thesis, 2018.
  • Kaynamazoğlu, Zeynep Sena. “Matemin Gölgesinde Sivil Bir Fenomen: İran’da Dinî Heyetler”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 58 (December 2022), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2022.22106244
  • Khamenei, ʿAlī. “Istiftāʾāt - Marāsīm-i ʿAzādārī, Suʾāl 1461”. www.khamenei.ir. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/treatise-content?id=131#1461
  • al-Khūʾī, Abū l-Qāsim al-Mūsawī. Ṣirāṭ al-najāh fī ajwibat al-istiftāʾāt. 6 volumes. Qom: Intishārāt al-Ṣiddīqah al-Shahīdah, 1418 AH.
  • Lyell, Thomas. The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia. London: A. M. Philpot Ltd., 1923.
  • al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-anwār. 110 volumes. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Wafāʾ, 2nd edition, 1983.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. “Qamah’zanī”. Farhang-i Sūg-i Shīʿī. Edited by Muḥsin Ḥasām Maẓāhirī. 388-392. Tehran: Khaymah, 1395 HS.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. Rasānah-’i Shīʿah: Jāmiʿah‘shināsī-yi Āyinhā-yi Sūgwārī wa-Hayʾathā-yi Madhhabī dar Īrān. Tehran: Nashr-i Bayn al-Milal, 1374 HS.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. Tirāzhidī-yi Jahān-i Islām: ʿAzādārī-yi Shīʿiyān-i Īrān ba Riwāyat-i Safarnāmah’niwīsān, Mustashriqān wa-Īrān’shināsān (az Ṣafawiyyah tā Jumhūri-yi Islāmī). 3 volumes. Isfahan: Nashr-i Ārmā, 1397 HS.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. “Zanjīrzanī”. Farhang-i Sūg-i Shīʿī. Edited by Muḥsin Ḥasām Maẓāhirī. 261-263. Tehran: Khaymah, 1395 HS.
  • Mervin, Sabrina. “‘Âshûrâ’: Some Remarks on Ritual Practices in Different Shiite Communities (Lebanon and Syria)”. The Other Shiites: From the Mediterranean to Central Asia. Edited by Alessandro Monsutti - Silvia Naef - Farian Sabahi. 137-147. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007.
  • Nakash, Yitzhak. “An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of ʿĀshūrāʾ”. Die Welt Des Islams 33/2 (1993), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.2307/1570949
  • Nakash, Yitzhak. The Shi‘is of Iraq. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Nūshābādī, Muḥammad Mashhadī. Taṣawwuf-i Īrānī wa-ʿAzādārī-yi ʿĀshūrā: Naqsh-i Ṣūfiyyah, Ahl-i Futuwwat wa-Qalandariyyah dar Bunyān’gudhārī-yi Āyīnhā-yi Muḥarram. Isfahan: Nashr-i Ārmā, 2nd edition, 1396 HS.
  • Olearius, Adam. The Voyages & Travels of the Ambassadors from the Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia. Translated by John Davies. London: Printed for Thomas Dring and John Starkey, The Second Edition Corrected, 1669.
  • Onat, Hasan. Emevîler Devri Şiî Hareketleri ve Günümüz Şiîliği. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1993.
  • Pāygāh-i Iṭṭilāʿ-yi Rasānī-yi Daftar-i Haḍrat-i Āyatullāh al-ʿUẓmá Makārim Şīrāzī. “Ṣiḥḥat-i Kūbīdan-i Sar Ba Maḥmal, Tawassuṭ-i Haḍrat-i Zaynab(s)?”. Accessed January 13, 2023. https://makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=44&lid=0&catid=27752&mid=408482
  • Perry, John R. “Ḥaydari and Neʿmati”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Accessed January 23, 2023. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haydari-and-nemati
  • Pinault, David. The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992. Portāl-i Imām Khumaynī. “Istiftāʾāt-i Imām Khumaynī”. Accessed January 24, 2023. http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/c78_64891/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3_/%D8%AC_3/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3_%D8%AC_3_
  • Rahimi, Babak. Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, 1590–1641 CE. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Raḥmānī, Jabbār. Taghyīrāt-i Manāsik-i ʿAzādārī-yi Muḥarram: Insān’shināsī-yi Manāsik-i ʿAzādārī-yi Muḥarram. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Tīsā, 1393 HS.
  • Ṣādiq, al-Sheikh ʿAbd Al-Ḥusayn. Sīmāʾ al-ṣulaḥāʾ. Ṣaydā: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿIrfān, 1345 AH/1927.
  • Savory, Roger. Iran under Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
  • Scharbrodt, Oliver. “Contesting Ritual Practices in Twelver Shiism: Modernism, Sectarianism and the Politics of Self-Flagellation (Taṭbīr)”. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 50/5 (2023), 1067-1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2022.2057279
  • Sharīʿatī, ʿAlī. Tashayyuʿ-i ʿAlawī wa-Tashayyuʿ-i Ṣafawī. Tehran: Muʾassasah-yi Ḥusayniyyah-yi Irshād, 1350 HS.
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Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 289 - 317, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1264277

Abstract

References

  • Afḍalī, MuḥammadʿAlī. Qamah’zanī: Zakhmī Bar Chahrah-yi Tashayyuʿ. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb, 1394 HS.
  • Ahıshalı, Mustafa Melih. “Şirazilerin İran Muhalefetinde Yer Edinme Çabası”. Anadolu Ajansı. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/sirazilerin-iran-muhalefetinde-yer-edinme-cabasi-/1093283
  • al-Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin. Risālat al-tanzīh li-aʿmāl al-shabīh. Ṣaydā: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿIrfān, 1347 AH.
  • And, Metin. Ritüelden Drama: Kerbelâ-Muharrem-Ta‘ziye. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 3rd edition, 2012.
  • Awliyāʾ Chalabī (as Evliyâ Çelebi). Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi 4. Kitap. Translated by Seyit Ali Kahraman - Yücel Dağlı. 2 Vols. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2010.
  • Aydoğmuşoğlu, Cihat. “Safevi Tarih Yazıcılığı ve Safevi Çağı Kronikleri”. Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/1 (Spring 2019), 143-164.
  • Bekbabayi, Behruz - Başar, Umut. “Muharrem Ritüellerinde İslam Öncesi İnanç İzleri: İran Türkleri Örneği”. Millî Folklor 16/125 (Spring 2020), 110-122.
  • Büyükkara, Mehmet Ali. “Çağdaş Şîa Düşüncesinde Kerbela’nın Problemli Mirası: İmam Hüseyin Kazanmak İçin mi Yoksa Canını Feda İçin mi Ayaklandı?”. Çeşitli Yönleriyle Kerbela (Tarih Bilimleri). Edited by Alim Yıldız - Ali Aksu. 1/383-407. Sivas: Asitan Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Calmard, Jean. “Shiʿi Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shiʿism: Folklore and Popular Religion”. Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Edited by Charles Melville. 139-190. London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.
  • Ende, Werner. “The Flagellations of Muḥarram and the Shiʿite ʿUlamāʾ”. Der Islam 55/1 (1978), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1978.55.1.19
  • Flaskerud, Ingvild. “Ritual Creativity and Plurality: Denying Twelver Shia Blood-Letting Practices”. The Ambivalence of Denial: Danger and Appeal of Rituals. Edited by Ute Hüsken - Udo Simon. 109-134. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc5pg1z.7
  • Hacıgökmen, Mehmet Ali. “Türklerde Yas Âdeti Temelleri ve Sonuçları”. Tarihçiliğe Adanmış Bir Ömür: Prof. Dr. Nejat Göyünç’e Armağan. Edited by Hasan Bahar - Mustafa Toker - M. Ali Hacıgökmen - H. Gül Küçükbezci. 393-422. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 2013.
  • Hasanov, Behram - Shirinov, Agil. “Suffering for the Sake of Cosmic Order: Twelver Shīʿah Islam’s Coping with Trauma”. Ilahiyat Studies 8/1 (2017), 65-93. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2017.81.159
  • al-Ḥassūn, Muḥammad. Rasāʾil al-shaʿā’ir al-Ḥusayniyyah. 10 volumes. Tehran: Manshūrāt-i Dalīl-i Mā, 2019.
  • al-Ḥaydarī, Ibrāhīm. Tirāzhīdīyā Karbalāʾ: Sūsiyūlūjīyā al-khiṭāb al-Shīʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Sāqī, 2nd edition, 2015.
  • Ibn Ṭūlūn, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī. Mufākahat al-khillān fī ḥawādith al-zamān. Edited by Khalīl al-Manṣūr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1998.
  • İnan, Abdülkadir. Tarihte ve Bugün Şamanizm: Materyaller ve Araştırmalar. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 3rd edition, 1986.
  • J. M. Tancoigne. A Narrative of a Journey into Persia and Residence at Teheran, Containing a Descriptive Itinerary from Constantinople to the Persian Capital. London: Printed for William Wright, 1820.
  • Kaya, Zeynep Sena. İran’da Âşûrâ Merasimleri ve Tarihsel Gelişimi. Bursa: Uludağ University, Institute of Social Sciences, Master’s Thesis, 2018.
  • Kaynamazoğlu, Zeynep Sena. “Matemin Gölgesinde Sivil Bir Fenomen: İran’da Dinî Heyetler”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 58 (December 2022), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2022.22106244
  • Khamenei, ʿAlī. “Istiftāʾāt - Marāsīm-i ʿAzādārī, Suʾāl 1461”. www.khamenei.ir. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/treatise-content?id=131#1461
  • al-Khūʾī, Abū l-Qāsim al-Mūsawī. Ṣirāṭ al-najāh fī ajwibat al-istiftāʾāt. 6 volumes. Qom: Intishārāt al-Ṣiddīqah al-Shahīdah, 1418 AH.
  • Lyell, Thomas. The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia. London: A. M. Philpot Ltd., 1923.
  • al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-anwār. 110 volumes. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Wafāʾ, 2nd edition, 1983.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. “Qamah’zanī”. Farhang-i Sūg-i Shīʿī. Edited by Muḥsin Ḥasām Maẓāhirī. 388-392. Tehran: Khaymah, 1395 HS.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. Rasānah-’i Shīʿah: Jāmiʿah‘shināsī-yi Āyinhā-yi Sūgwārī wa-Hayʾathā-yi Madhhabī dar Īrān. Tehran: Nashr-i Bayn al-Milal, 1374 HS.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. Tirāzhidī-yi Jahān-i Islām: ʿAzādārī-yi Shīʿiyān-i Īrān ba Riwāyat-i Safarnāmah’niwīsān, Mustashriqān wa-Īrān’shināsān (az Ṣafawiyyah tā Jumhūri-yi Islāmī). 3 volumes. Isfahan: Nashr-i Ārmā, 1397 HS.
  • Maẓāhirī, Muḥsin Ḥasām. “Zanjīrzanī”. Farhang-i Sūg-i Shīʿī. Edited by Muḥsin Ḥasām Maẓāhirī. 261-263. Tehran: Khaymah, 1395 HS.
  • Mervin, Sabrina. “‘Âshûrâ’: Some Remarks on Ritual Practices in Different Shiite Communities (Lebanon and Syria)”. The Other Shiites: From the Mediterranean to Central Asia. Edited by Alessandro Monsutti - Silvia Naef - Farian Sabahi. 137-147. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007.
  • Nakash, Yitzhak. “An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of ʿĀshūrāʾ”. Die Welt Des Islams 33/2 (1993), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.2307/1570949
  • Nakash, Yitzhak. The Shi‘is of Iraq. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Nūshābādī, Muḥammad Mashhadī. Taṣawwuf-i Īrānī wa-ʿAzādārī-yi ʿĀshūrā: Naqsh-i Ṣūfiyyah, Ahl-i Futuwwat wa-Qalandariyyah dar Bunyān’gudhārī-yi Āyīnhā-yi Muḥarram. Isfahan: Nashr-i Ārmā, 2nd edition, 1396 HS.
  • Olearius, Adam. The Voyages & Travels of the Ambassadors from the Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia. Translated by John Davies. London: Printed for Thomas Dring and John Starkey, The Second Edition Corrected, 1669.
  • Onat, Hasan. Emevîler Devri Şiî Hareketleri ve Günümüz Şiîliği. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1993.
  • Pāygāh-i Iṭṭilāʿ-yi Rasānī-yi Daftar-i Haḍrat-i Āyatullāh al-ʿUẓmá Makārim Şīrāzī. “Ṣiḥḥat-i Kūbīdan-i Sar Ba Maḥmal, Tawassuṭ-i Haḍrat-i Zaynab(s)?”. Accessed January 13, 2023. https://makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=44&lid=0&catid=27752&mid=408482
  • Perry, John R. “Ḥaydari and Neʿmati”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Accessed January 23, 2023. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haydari-and-nemati
  • Pinault, David. The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992. Portāl-i Imām Khumaynī. “Istiftāʾāt-i Imām Khumaynī”. Accessed January 24, 2023. http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/c78_64891/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3_/%D8%AC_3/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3_%D8%AC_3_
  • Rahimi, Babak. Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, 1590–1641 CE. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Raḥmānī, Jabbār. Taghyīrāt-i Manāsik-i ʿAzādārī-yi Muḥarram: Insān’shināsī-yi Manāsik-i ʿAzādārī-yi Muḥarram. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Tīsā, 1393 HS.
  • Ṣādiq, al-Sheikh ʿAbd Al-Ḥusayn. Sīmāʾ al-ṣulaḥāʾ. Ṣaydā: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿIrfān, 1345 AH/1927.
  • Savory, Roger. Iran under Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
  • Scharbrodt, Oliver. “Contesting Ritual Practices in Twelver Shiism: Modernism, Sectarianism and the Politics of Self-Flagellation (Taṭbīr)”. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 50/5 (2023), 1067-1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2022.2057279
  • Sharīʿatī, ʿAlī. Tashayyuʿ-i ʿAlawī wa-Tashayyuʿ-i Ṣafawī. Tehran: Muʾassasah-yi Ḥusayniyyah-yi Irshād, 1350 HS.
  • Sherley, Sir Anthony. The Broadway Travellers: Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure. London and New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zeynep Sena Kaynamazoğlu 0000-0002-2285-7385

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date March 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Kaynamazoğlu, Zeynep Sena. “Experiencing Al-Ḥusayn’s Suffering: Qamahzanī in the Shīʿī Mourning Tradition”. Ilahiyat Studies 14/2 (December 2023), 289-317. https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1264277.
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