Fıkıh Metninden Devletin Pozitif Hukuk Koduna Doğru: XVII. Yüzyıldan XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Dünyası ve Sonrasına Doğru Mültekā’nın Değişen Sunumu

Year 2023, , 67 - 114, 31.01.2023

Kasım Kopuz

https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756

Abstract

1517’de tamamlanan İbrâhim el-Halebî’nin (ö. 956/1549) Mülteka’l-ebhur kitabı kısa sürede geniş kabul gördü ve Osmanlı yazarları kitaptan hep muteber bir fıkıh metni olarak bahsettiler. Ancak Mültekā’dan bahseden Batılı yazarlar, XVII. sonlarından başlayarak kitabı bir devlet kanunu (hukuk kodifikasyonu) olarak sunmaya başladılar. Bu çalışmada İngilizce yazan Batılı yazarların söylemleri analiz edilerek Mültekā’nın sunumundaki kavramsal değişimin izi sürülmektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışmamızda modern devletin ortaya çıkışıyla yeniden üretilen hukuk kavramının Batılı yazarlar nezdinde Mültekā’nın sunumunu etkilediği ve bunun neticesi olarak metin modern devletin bir aygıtı olarak sunulduğu iddia edilmektedir.

Keywords

Fıkıh metni, Mülteka'l-ebhur, devlet hukukî kodifikasyonu, erken modern dönemde kanun, Osmanlı hukuk tarihi

From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond

Abstract

Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī’s (d. 956/1549) Multaqā al-abḥur, published in 1517, quickly became one of the most authoritative fiqh texts in the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman authors treated it just as fiqh text. In their early writings, Western scholars also represented the book to their audiences as a fiqh book. However, by the late seventeenth century onward, Western authors started to portray the book as a code of the state in the modern sense of a uniform law. Some Muslim scholars in the late nineteenth century fallowed the same path. Thus, the representation of the Multaqā shifted from being a fiqh text to a code of the state. This article traces the historical process of this shift and argues that viewing the Multaqā as a code of the state was a misrepresentation that emerged under the influence of the notion of a modern nation-state.

Keywords

Fiqh textbook, Multaqā al-abḥur, code of state, early modern law, Ottoman legal history

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