Fıkıh Metninden Devletin Pozitif Hukuk Koduna Doğru: XVII. Yüzyıldan XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Dünyası ve Sonrasına Doğru Mültekā’nın Değişen Sunumu

Year 2023, Issue: 49, 67 - 114, 31.01.2023

Kasım Kopuz

https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756

Abstract

1517’de tamamlanan İbrâhim el-Halebî’nin (ö. 956/1549) Mülteka’l-ebhur kitabı kısa sürede geniş kabul gördü ve Osmanlı yazarları kitaptan hep muteber bir fıkıh metni olarak bahsettiler. Ancak Mültekā’dan bahseden Batılı yazarlar, XVII. sonlarından başlayarak kitabı bir devlet kanunu (hukuk kodifikasyonu) olarak sunmaya başladılar. Bu çalışmada İngilizce yazan Batılı yazarların söylemleri analiz edilerek Mültekā’nın sunumundaki kavramsal değişimin izi sürülmektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışmamızda modern devletin ortaya çıkışıyla yeniden üretilen hukuk kavramının Batılı yazarlar nezdinde Mültekā’nın sunumunu etkilediği ve bunun neticesi olarak metin modern devletin bir aygıtı olarak sunulduğu iddia edilmektedir.

Keywords

Fıkıh metni, Mülteka'l-ebhur, devlet hukukî kodifikasyonu, erken modern dönemde kanun, Osmanlı hukuk tarihi

From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond

Abstract

Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī’s (d. 956/1549) Multaqā al-abḥur, published in 1517, quickly became one of the most authoritative fiqh texts in the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman authors treated it just as fiqh text. In their early writings, Western scholars also represented the book to their audiences as a fiqh book. However, by the late seventeenth century onward, Western authors started to portray the book as a code of the state in the modern sense of a uniform law. Some Muslim scholars in the late nineteenth century fallowed the same path. Thus, the representation of the Multaqā shifted from being a fiqh text to a code of the state. This article traces the historical process of this shift and argues that viewing the Multaqā as a code of the state was a misrepresentation that emerged under the influence of the notion of a modern nation-state.

Keywords

Fiqh textbook, Multaqā al-abḥur, code of state, early modern law, Ottoman legal history

References

• Abou-El-Haj, Rifa’at Ali, Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Century, Syracuse: New York, Syracuse University Press, 2005.
• Abou-El-Haj, Rifa’at Ali, “Ottoman Vizier and Pasa Households, 1683-1703: A Preliminary Report,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94 (1974): 438-447.
• Akgündüz, Ahmet, “Dürerü’l-Hükkam,” TDVIA (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi).
• Ali, Moulavi Cheragh, The Proposed Political, Legal and Social Reforms in the Ottoman Empire and Other Mohammadan States, Bombay: Education Society Press, Byculla, 1883.
• Arikan, Zeki, “Ubicini, Jean-Henri Abdolonyme,” TDVIA (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi).
• Atçıl, Abdurrahman, Scholars and Sultans in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
• Aydın, Mehmet Akif, Türk Hukuk Tarihi, Istanbul: Beta Yayınları, 2018.
• Babinger, France, “Khosrew,” EI2 (Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.)
• al-Bāqānī, Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Barakāt, Majr al-anhur ʿalā Multaqā al-abḥur, Süleymaniye Library, MS Giresun Yazmaları 29.
• Bentham, Jeremy, Papers Relative to Codification and Public Instruction, London: J. M’Creery, 1817.
• Bilge, Mustafa, İlk Osmanlı Medreseleri, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, 1984.
• Burak, Guy, The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Carlyle, Edward Irving, “Thornton, Thomas (d. 1814),” Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, 56.
• Calder, Norman, “The ‘Uqūd rasm al-muftī of Ibn ‘Abidīn,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 63/2 (2000): 215-228.
• Coşkun, Vildan, “Gian Battista Toderini,” TDVIA (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi).
• Çakır, Coşkun, “Tanzimat,” in Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Facts on File 2009.
• Çelebī, Kātip, Kashf al-ẓunūn fī asāmī al-kutub wa al-funūn, ed. Şerefettin Yaltkaya, İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası, 1943.
• Çelebī, Kātip, Mizān al-ḥaq fī ikhtiyār al-aḥaqq, (Eng. trn.: G. L. Lewis, The Balance of the Truth), London: George Allen and Unwin, 1957.
• Davison, Roderic. H., Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
• Davison, Roderic. H., “Tanzimat,” EI2 (Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.)
• Deans, William, History of the Ottoman Empire, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, London: A Fullarton & co., 1854.
• Donoghue, Mark, “William Thomas Thornton’s Family, Ancestry, and Early Years: Some Findings from Recently Discovered Manuscript and Letters,” History of Political Economy 40, no. 3 (2008): 511-550.
• Dutton, Yassin, The Origin of Islamic Law: The Quran, The Muwatta and Madinan ‘Amal, New Delhi: Lawman Private Limited, 2000.
• Erdem, Sami, “Fıkıh Tarihi: Osmanlı Hukuk Düşüncesinde Modern Yorumlar İçin Yeni Bir Referans Çerçevesi,” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 3/5 (2000): 85-105.
• Farley, James Lewis, Turks and Christians: A Solution of the Eastern Question, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. Publishers, 1876.
• Findley, Carter Vaughn, Presenting the Ottomans to Europe: Mouradgea d’Ohsson and His Tableau general de l’empire othoman, Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2003.
• al-Ghazzī, Najm al-Dīn, al-Kawākib al-sāʾira bi ʾaʿyān al-miʾa al-ʿāshira, 3 vols., ed. Jibrāʾīl Jabbūr, Beirut: American Press, 1945.
• Gerber, Haim, State Society and Law in Islam: Ottoman Law in Comparative Perspective, New York: State University of New York Press, 1994.
• Gill, Graeme, The Nature, and Development of the Modern State, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
• Gilliot, Claude, “Sharh,” EI2 (Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.).
• Gökçen, Mahmud Adnan, “G. Toderini’nin Letteratura turchesca Ünvanlı Eserinin De la Litterature des turcs Baslikli Fransizca (Antoine de Cournand) Tercümesinden Türkce Yapılan Ceviri Üzerine Bir Eleştiri,” Osmanli Araştırmaları/The Journal of Ottoman Studies, 41 (2013): 383-398.
• al-Ḥalabī, Muḥammad b. Ibrahīm, Multaqā al-abḥur, ed. Wahbī Sulaymān Ghawajī al-Albānī, Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1989.
• Hall, John A. and G. John Ilkenberry, The State, Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1989.
• Hallaq, Wael B., The Impossible State, Islam, Politics and Modernity's Moral Predicament, New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
• Von Hammer, Joseph, Des Osmanischen Reichs Staatsverfassung und Staatsverwaltung, Vienna, 1815.
• Has, Şükrü Selim, “A Study of Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī With Special Reference to the Multaqā,” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 1981.
• Has, Şükrü Selim, “The Use of Multaqā al-Abḥur in the Ottoman Madrasas and in Legal Scholarship,” The Journal of Ottoman Studies VII-VIII (1988): 393-418.
• Has, Şükrü Selim, “İbrâhim b. Muhammed Halebî,” TDVIA (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi).
• Has, Şükrü Selim, “Mülteka’l-Ebhur,” TDVIA (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi).
• Heidborn, A., Manuel de Droit Public et Administratif de l’Empire Ottoman, 2 vols., Vienne-Leipzig: C.W. Stern, 1908-1912.
• Humphreys, Stephen, Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age, Berkley: University of California Press, 1999.
• Hüsrev, Molla, Durar al-ḥukkām fī sharḥ Ghurar al-aḥkām, 2 vols., Istanbul: Matbaa-i Mehmed Esʻad, 1299 [1881/1882].
• Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Sharḥ ʿUqūd rasm al-muftī, contained in his Rasāʾil, p. 1:10-52 (custom print), p. 36-37.
• Ibn al-Ḥanbalī, Raḍī al-Dīn Muḥammad, Durr al-ḥabab fī tārīkh aʿyān al-Ḥalab, eds. Maḥmūd Aḥmad al-Fākhūrī and Yaḥyā Zakariyyā ʿAbbara, Damascus: Wizārat al-Thaqāfa, 1972.
• Ibn al-ʿImād, ʿAbd al-Ḥayy al-Ḥanbalī, Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahab, 8 vols., eds. ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Arnawūt and Maḥmūd al-Arnawūt, Beirut: Dār Ibn al-Kathīr, 1986.
• Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā li-Ibn Saʿd: Qism mutammim, ed. Ziyād Muḥammad Mansūr, Madina: Maktabat al-ʿUlum wa al-Ḥikam, 1987.
• Imber, Colin, Ebu’s-Suʿud: The Islamic Legal Tradition, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
• Jackson, Sherman A., Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihab al-Din Al-Qarafi, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishing, 1996.
• Karaaslan, Nasuhi Ünal, XVII Asrın Ortalarına Kadar Türkiye’de İlim ve İlmiyeye Dair Bir Eser: Kevakib-i Seba Risalesi, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2015.
• Kaya, Eyyüp Said, “Nevazil Literatürünün Doğuşu ve Ebu’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’nin Kitabu’n-Nevazil’i,” MA Thesis, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2001.
• Kaya, Eyyüp Said, “Şarh,” TDVIA (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi).
• Kaya, Eyyüp Said, “Muhtasar,” TDVIA (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi).
• Khan, Aamir Shahzada, “Multaqa al-Abhur of Ibrahim al-Halabi (d. 1549): A Hanafi Legal Text in Its Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Context,” M.A. thesis, Central European University, Budapest, 2014.
• Kırlı, Cengiz, Yolsuzluğun İcadı: 1840 Ceza Kanunu, İktidar ve Büreaukrası, Istanbul: Verita, 2015.
• Koca, Ferhat, Molla Hüsrev, İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2008.
• Kopuz, Kasım, “Reproduction of the Ottoman Legal Knowledge: The Case of Ibrahim Al-Ḥalabī’s Multaqa al-abḥur and Defining the Concept of Baghy in Commentarial Writings on it (16th To 18th Centuries),” PhD diss., Binghamton University (SUNY), 2019.
• Kruger, Hilmar, “Kodifikation islamicschen Rechts in Istanbul und ihre Forgeltung in anderen Staaten,” Annales 44/61 (2012): 245-258.
• al-Laknawī, ʿAbd al-Ḥayy al-Hindī, al-Nāfiʿ al-kabīr li-man yuṭaliʿ al-Jāmiʿ al-saghīr, printed with al-Jāmiʿ al-kabīr by Muḥammad al-Shaybānī, Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1986.
• Larpent, George, Turkey; Its History and Progress: From the Journals and Correspondence of Sir James Porter, fifteen years Ambassador at Constantinople; Continued to the Present Time with A Memoir of Sir James Porter, by His Grandson Sir George Larpent, 2 vols., London: Hurst and Blackett Publishers, 1854.
• Lybyer, Albert Howe, The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1913.
• MacColl, Malcolm, “Some Current Fallacies About Turks, Bulgarians, and Russians,” The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, 2 (London, August-December 1877): 831-842.
• D’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea, Tableau Général de l'Empire Othoman, divisé en deux parties, dont l'une comprend la législation mahométane; l'autre, l'histoire de l'Empire othoman, 7 vols., Paris: Imprimerie De Monsieur, 1-6 vols., 1788 and Paris: Firmin Didot Freres Editeurs, 7th vol., 1824. English translation, Oriental Antiquities, and General View of the Ottoman Customs, Laws, and Ceremonies: Exhibiting many Curious Pieces of the Eastern Hemisphere, Relative to Christian and Jews Dispensation. Translator is not known, Philadelphia: Printed for the Select Committee and Grand Lodge of Enquiry, 1788, reprinted by ECCO, Eighteenth Century Collections, LaVergne, Tennessee, 2011.
• Orazov, Orazsahet, “Muhtasar Metinlerin Hanefi Literatürü İçindeki Yeri,” BEÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5/1 (2018): 107-122.
• Özel, Ahmet, Hanefi Fıkıh Alimleri, İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2013.
• Poggi, Gianfranco, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978.
• Poggi, Gianfranco, The State: Its Nature, Development and Prospect, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
• Porter, Sir James, Observations on the Religion, Law, Government, and Manners of the Turks, 2 vols., Dublin: P. Wilson, and others, 1768.
• Ricaut, Sir Paul, The History of The Present State of the Ottoman Empire, 3rd ed. London: Charles Brome, 1686.
• Rubin, Avi, “Modernity as a Code: The Ottoman Empire and the Global Movement of Codification,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 59/5 (2016), 828-856.
• Sami, Şemseddin, Qāmūs al-aʿlam, 5 vols., Istanbul: Mehran Matbaası, 1889.
• al-Ṭabbākh, Muḥammad Rāghib, Iʿlām al-nubalāʾ bi-tarīkh Ḥalab al-shahbā, 7 vols., Aleppo: Dār al-Qalam al-ʿArabī, 1988.
• Tahir, Bursalı Mehmed, Osmanlı Müellifleri, 3 vols., İstanbul: Matbaa-i Amire, 1915.
• Taşköprizade, Ahmed, al-Shaqāʾiq al-nuʿmāniyya fī ʿulamāʾ al-dawla al-ʿUthmāniyya, ed. Ahmed Subhi Furat, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1985.
• Tigar, Michael E., with the assistance of Madeleine R. Levy, Law and the Rise of Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.
• Thornton, Thomas, The Present State of Turkey; or A Description of the Political, Civil, And Religious Constitution, Government, And Laws of the Ottoman Empire, London: Printed for Joseph Mawman, 1807.
• Toderini, Giambatista, Letteratura turchesca, 3 vols., Venezia, 1787 (French, De la Litterature des turcs tr. into French by A. de Cournand, 2 vols., Paris: Chez Poincot, Libraire, 1789).
• Tyser, C. R. and Ismail Haqqi Effendi, trans. The Mejelle: Being the English Translation of Majallah el-Aḥkām-i-ʿAdliya and Complete Code on Islamic Civil Law, Malaysia: The Other Press, 2001.
• Ubicini, Jean-Henri-Abdolonyme Ubicini, Letters on Turkey: An Account of the Religious, Political, Social and Commercial Condition of the Ottoman Empire, (Tr. from French by Lady Easthope), London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1856.
• Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti İlmiye Teşkilâtı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1984.
• Varga, Csaba, Codification as a Social-Historical Phenomenon, Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2010.
• Wensink, Arent Jan, “Matn,” EI2 (Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.).
• al-Zarqāʾ, Muṣṭafā Aḥmad, al-Fiqh al-Islāmī fī thawbihī al-jadīd: al-Madkhal al-fiqhī al-ʿām, 3 vols., Damascus: University of Damascus Press, 1961.