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Fıkıh Metninden Devletin Pozitif Hukuk Koduna Doğru: XVII. Yüzyıldan XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Dünyası ve Sonrasına Doğru Mültekā’nın Değişen Sunumu

Year 2023, Issue: 49, 67 - 114, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756

Abstract

1517’de tamamlanan İbrâhim el-Halebî’nin (ö. 956/1549) Mülteka’l-ebhur kitabı kısa sürede geniş kabul gördü ve Osmanlı yazarları kitaptan hep muteber bir fıkıh metni olarak bahsettiler. Ancak Mültekā’dan bahseden Batılı yazarlar, XVII. sonlarından başlayarak kitabı bir devlet kanunu (hukuk kodifikasyonu) olarak sunmaya başladılar. Bu çalışmada İngilizce yazan Batılı yazarların söylemleri analiz edilerek Mültekā’nın sunumundaki kavramsal değişimin izi sürülmektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışmamızda modern devletin ortaya çıkışıyla yeniden üretilen hukuk kavramının Batılı yazarlar nezdinde Mültekā’nın sunumunu etkilediği ve bunun neticesi olarak metin modern devletin bir aygıtı olarak sunulduğu iddia edilmektedir.

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From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond

Year 2023, Issue: 49, 67 - 114, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756

Abstract

Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī’s (d. 956/1549) Multaqā al-abḥur, published in 1517, quickly became one of the most authoritative fiqh texts in the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman authors treated it just as fiqh text. In their early writings, Western scholars also represented the book to their audiences as a fiqh book. However, by the late seventeenth century onward, Western authors started to portray the book as a code of the state in the modern sense of a uniform law. Some Muslim scholars in the late nineteenth century fallowed the same path. Thus, the representation of the Multaqā shifted from being a fiqh text to a code of the state. This article traces the historical process of this shift and argues that viewing the Multaqā as a code of the state was a misrepresentation that emerged under the influence of the notion of a modern nation-state.

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  • Kopuz, Kasım, “Reproduction of the Ottoman Legal Knowledge: The Case of Ibrahim Al-Ḥalabī’s Multaqa al-abḥur and Defining the Concept of Baghy in Commentarial Writings on it (16th To 18th Centuries),” PhD diss., Binghamton University (SUNY), 2019.
  • Kruger, Hilmar, “Kodifikation islamicschen Rechts in Istanbul und ihre Forgeltung in anderen Staaten,” Annales 44/61 (2012): 245-258.
  • al-Laknawī, ʿAbd al-Ḥayy al-Hindī, al-Nāfiʿ al-kabīr li-man yuṭaliʿ al-Jāmiʿ al-saghīr, printed with al-Jāmiʿ al-kabīr by Muḥammad al-Shaybānī, Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1986.
  • Larpent, George, Turkey; Its History and Progress: From the Journals and Correspondence of Sir James Porter, fifteen years Ambassador at Constantinople; Continued to the Present Time with A Memoir of Sir James Porter, by His Grandson Sir George Larpent, 2 vols., London: Hurst and Blackett Publishers, 1854.
  • Lybyer, Albert Howe, The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1913.
  • MacColl, Malcolm, “Some Current Fallacies About Turks, Bulgarians, and Russians,” The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, 2 (London, August-December 1877): 831-842.
  • D’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea, Tableau Général de l'Empire Othoman, divisé en deux parties, dont l'une comprend la législation mahométane; l'autre, l'histoire de l'Empire othoman, 7 vols., Paris: Imprimerie De Monsieur, 1-6 vols., 1788 and Paris: Firmin Didot Freres Editeurs, 7th vol., 1824. English translation, Oriental Antiquities, and General View of the Ottoman Customs, Laws, and Ceremonies: Exhibiting many Curious Pieces of the Eastern Hemisphere, Relative to Christian and Jews Dispensation. Translator is not known, Philadelphia: Printed for the Select Committee and Grand Lodge of Enquiry, 1788, reprinted by ECCO, Eighteenth Century Collections, LaVergne, Tennessee, 2011.
  • Orazov, Orazsahet, “Muhtasar Metinlerin Hanefi Literatürü İçindeki Yeri,” BEÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5/1 (2018): 107-122.
  • Özel, Ahmet, Hanefi Fıkıh Alimleri, İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2013.
  • Poggi, Gianfranco, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978.
  • Poggi, Gianfranco, The State: Its Nature, Development and Prospect, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
  • Porter, Sir James, Observations on the Religion, Law, Government, and Manners of the Turks, 2 vols., Dublin: P. Wilson, and others, 1768.
  • Ricaut, Sir Paul, The History of The Present State of the Ottoman Empire, 3rd ed. London: Charles Brome, 1686.
  • Rubin, Avi, “Modernity as a Code: The Ottoman Empire and the Global Movement of Codification,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 59/5 (2016), 828-856.
  • Sami, Şemseddin, Qāmūs al-aʿlam, 5 vols., Istanbul: Mehran Matbaası, 1889.
  • al-Ṭabbākh, Muḥammad Rāghib, Iʿlām al-nubalāʾ bi-tarīkh Ḥalab al-shahbā, 7 vols., Aleppo: Dār al-Qalam al-ʿArabī, 1988.
  • Tahir, Bursalı Mehmed, Osmanlı Müellifleri, 3 vols., İstanbul: Matbaa-i Amire, 1915.
  • Taşköprizade, Ahmed, al-Shaqāʾiq al-nuʿmāniyya fī ʿulamāʾ al-dawla al-ʿUthmāniyya, ed. Ahmed Subhi Furat, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1985.
  • Tigar, Michael E., with the assistance of Madeleine R. Levy, Law and the Rise of Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.
  • Thornton, Thomas, The Present State of Turkey; or A Description of the Political, Civil, And Religious Constitution, Government, And Laws of the Ottoman Empire, London: Printed for Joseph Mawman, 1807.
  • Toderini, Giambatista, Letteratura turchesca, 3 vols., Venezia, 1787 (French, De la Litterature des turcs tr. into French by A. de Cournand, 2 vols., Paris: Chez Poincot, Libraire, 1789).
  • Tyser, C. R. and Ismail Haqqi Effendi, trans. The Mejelle: Being the English Translation of Majallah el-Aḥkām-i-ʿAdliya and Complete Code on Islamic Civil Law, Malaysia: The Other Press, 2001.
  • Ubicini, Jean-Henri-Abdolonyme Ubicini, Letters on Turkey: An Account of the Religious, Political, Social and Commercial Condition of the Ottoman Empire, (Tr. from French by Lady Easthope), London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1856.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti İlmiye Teşkilâtı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1984.
  • Varga, Csaba, Codification as a Social-Historical Phenomenon, Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2010.
  • Wensink, Arent Jan, “Matn,” EI2 (Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.).
  • al-Zarqāʾ, Muṣṭafā Aḥmad, al-Fiqh al-Islāmī fī thawbihī al-jadīd: al-Madkhal al-fiqhī al-ʿām, 3 vols., Damascus: University of Damascus Press, 1961.
Year 2023, Issue: 49, 67 - 114, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756

Abstract

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  • Tyser, C. R. and Ismail Haqqi Effendi, trans. The Mejelle: Being the English Translation of Majallah el-Aḥkām-i-ʿAdliya and Complete Code on Islamic Civil Law, Malaysia: The Other Press, 2001.
  • Ubicini, Jean-Henri-Abdolonyme Ubicini, Letters on Turkey: An Account of the Religious, Political, Social and Commercial Condition of the Ottoman Empire, (Tr. from French by Lady Easthope), London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1856.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti İlmiye Teşkilâtı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1984.
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  • Wensink, Arent Jan, “Matn,” EI2 (Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.).
  • al-Zarqāʾ, Muṣṭafā Aḥmad, al-Fiqh al-Islāmī fī thawbihī al-jadīd: al-Madkhal al-fiqhī al-ʿām, 3 vols., Damascus: University of Damascus Press, 1961.
There are 82 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Kasım Kopuz 0000-0001-5329-4485

Publication Date January 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 49

Cite

APA Kopuz, K. (2023). From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi(49), 67-114. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756
AMA Kopuz K. From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond. isad. January 2023;(49):67-114. doi:10.26570/isad.1235756
Chicago Kopuz, Kasım. “From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 49 (January 2023): 67-114. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756.
EndNote Kopuz K (January 1, 2023) From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 49 67–114.
IEEE K. Kopuz, “From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond”, isad, no. 49, pp. 67–114, January 2023, doi: 10.26570/isad.1235756.
ISNAD Kopuz, Kasım. “From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 49 (January 2023), 67-114. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1235756.
JAMA Kopuz K. From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond. isad. 2023;:67–114.
MLA Kopuz, Kasım. “From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 49, 2023, pp. 67-114, doi:10.26570/isad.1235756.
Vancouver Kopuz K. From Fiqh Matn to Code of State: Shifting Representation of the Multaqā from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries Ottoman World and Beyond. isad. 2023(49):67-114.