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GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Year 2015, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 165 - 183, 01.09.2015

Abstract

This study examined gender differences in work experiences and work outcomes among 215 male and 46 female employees working in the textile and furniture sectors in Turkey. Data were collected from 261 employees, a 65 percent response rate, using anonymously completed questionnaires. Respondents were mostly male, worked full-time, had relatively short job and firm tenures, generally held jobs involving some supervisory responsibilities, and worked 41 to 50 hours per week in fairly large firms. All measures used here had been used and validated previously by other researchers. Work experiences included perceptions of supervisor empowering behaviors; outcomes included job satisfaction, affective commitment, work engagement, engaging in voice behaviors, and intent to quit. Learning related outcomes included learning opportunities and self-rated employability. There were small differences in departments in which men and women worked with a slightly higher percentage of men in production and a slightly lower percentage of men in accounting, human resource management and marketing. Consistent with earlier work, significant gender differences were found on several personal demographic and work situation characteristics. Women were younger, less likely to be married, were more highly educated, were at lower organizational levels, had less job and organizational tenure. Males and females had similar perceptions of their supervisor’s empowering behaviors, their own levels of psychological empowerment, similar learning opportunities and levels of self-rated employability and on most work outcomes (e.g, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intent to quit).

References

  • Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000) The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 249-269.
  • Aycan, Z. (2004) Key success factors for women in management in Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 453-477.
  • Besler, S., & Oruc, I. (2010) Women managers in the print media in Turkey. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 17-38.
  • Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1995) Empowering service workers. Sloan Management Review, 36, 73-84.
  • Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1992) The empowerment of service workers: What, why, how and when. Sloan Management Review, 33, 31-40.
  • Boydak, O.M., & Akpinar, B. (2002) The success of women administrators in school administration. Firat University Journal of Social Science, 12, 219-234.
  • Burke, R. J. (1991) Early work experiences of female and male managers and professionals: Reasons for optimism? Canadian Journal of Administrative sciences, 8, 224-230.
  • Burke, R. J, & Koyuncu, M. (2013) Women in management in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. In M. Paludi (ed.) Women and management: global issues and promising solutions. Santa Barbara. CA: Praeger. pp. 239-263.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2009) Gender differences in work experiences, satisfactions and well-being among physicians in Turkey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24, 70-91.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M. & Fiksenbaum, L. (2007a) Career priority patterns among managerial and professional women in Turkey: Benefits of putting career first? Women in Management Review, 322, 405-417.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2007b) Workaholism types, work outcomes and psychological well-being among managerial women in banking in ‘Turkey.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L (2006) Organizational practices supporting women’s career advancement and their satisfaction and well-being in Turkey. Women in Management Review, 21, 610-624.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., Singh, P., Alayoglu, N., & Koyuncu, Kl (2011) Gender differences in work experiences and work outcomes among Turkish managers and professionals: Continuing signs of progress?
  • Crouse, P. Doyle, W., & Young, J. D. (2011) Workplace learning strategies, barriers, facilitators and outcomes: A qualitative study among human resource management professionals. Human Resource Development International, 14, 39-55.
  • DeCuyper, N. & DeWitte, H. (2011) The management paradox: Self-rated employability and organizational commitment and performance. Personnel Review, 40, 152-172.
  • Dewettnick, I. & van Ameijde, M. (2011) Linking leadership empowerment behavior to employee attitudes and behavioral intentions. Personnel Review, 40, 284-305.
  • Guney, S., Gohar, R.., Lailic, A. S.., & Akinci, M. M. (2006) Attitudes toward women managers in Turkey and Pakistan. Journal of International Women’s studies, 8, 194-211.
  • Hewlett, S. A. & Rashid, R. (2011) Wining the war for talent in emerging markets: Why women are the solution. Boston, MA.: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z. & Karakas, F. (2004) Women in management in Turkey. In M. J. Davidson & R. J. Burke (eds) Women in management worldwide: Facts, figures and analysis. Aldershot: Gower, pp. 223-253.
  • Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z., Karakas, F. & Maden, C. (2011) Women in management in Turkey. In M. J. Davidson & R. J. Burke (eds.) Women in management worldwide: Progress and prospects. Aldershot: Gower. pp. 317-330
  • Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J. & Fiksenbaum, L. (2006) Work experiences and satisfaction of male and female professors in Turkey: signs of progress? Equal Opportunities International, 25, 38-47.
  • Lawler, E. E. (1992) The ultimate advantage: Creating the high involvement organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lawler, E. E. Mohrman, S. A., & Ledford, G. F. (1995) Creating high performance organizations: Practices and results of employee involvement and total quality management in Fortune 1000 companies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2009) A survey of factors influencing the engagement of information technology professionals in informal learning activities. Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal, 25, 43-53.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2006) Factors influencing teachers’ engagement in informal learning activities. Journal of Workplace Learning, 18, 1141-1156.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2005) A survey of factors influencing the engagement of two professional groups in informal workplace learning activities. Human Resources Development Quarterly, 16, 501-527.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2000) Environmental inhibitors to informal learning in the workplace: A case study of public school teachers. Adult Education Quarterly, 50, 83-1201.
  • Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (2003) Demonstrating the value of an organization’s learning culture: The dimensions of the Learning Organization Questionnaire. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5, 132-151.
  • Menon, S. T. (2001) Employee empowerment: An integrative psychological approach. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 153-180.
  • Meyer, J. & Allen, N. (1997) Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA>: Sage Publications.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, AM., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002) The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analysis approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
  • Nikolova, I., Van Ruysseveldt, J., De Witte, H., & Syrioit, J. (2014) ‘Work-based learning: Development and validation of a scale measuring the learning potential of the workplace (LPW). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 1-10.
  • Ozbilgin, M. F. (2000) The way forward for equal opportunities by sex in employment in turkey and Britain. Management International Review, 7, 55-65.
  • Ozbilgin, M. f., & Healy, G. (2004) The gendered nature of career development of university professors: The case of turkey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 358-371.
  • Ozbilgin, M., & Woodward, D. (2004a) Banking and gender: /Sex equality in the financial services in Britain and Turkey. London: L. B. Tauris.
  • Ozbilgin, M. F. & Woodward, D. (2004b)”Belonging” and “otherness”: Sex equality in banking in turkey and Britain. Gender, Work and Organization, 11, 668-688.
  • Quinn, R. P., & Shepard, LL. J. (1974) The 1972-73 Quality of Employment Survey. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
  • Quinn, R. P., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1997) The road to empowerment: seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics, 26, 37-49.
  • Rothwell, A., & Arnold, J. (2007) Self-perceived employability: Development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 37, 23-41.
  • Salas, S. & Von Glinow, M. A. (2008) Fostering organizational learning: Creating and maintaining a learning culture. In R. J. Burke & C. L. Cooper (eds) Building more effective organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 207-227.
  • Sanal, M. (2008) Factors preventing women’s advancement in management in Turkey, Education, 128,380-391.
  • Schaufeli W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002) The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analysis approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
  • Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011) Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations. A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 981-1003.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1997) toward a common ground in defining empowerment. Research in Organizational /Change and Development, 10, 31-62.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1996) Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 483-504.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1995) Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442-1465.
  • Taylor, J. C., & Bowers, D. (1972) Survey of organizations: A machine-scored standardized questionnaire instrument Ann Arbor, MI.: Institute for social Research.
  • United Nations Development Programme (2008) Human development report 2007-2008l New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998) Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119.
  • Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M>, de Lange, A. H., Demerouti, E. & van der Heijde, C. M. (2009) Age effects on the employability-career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 156-164.
  • Wittekind, A. Raeder, S., & Grote, G. A. (2010) A longitudinal study of determinants of perceived employability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 566-586.
  • Woodward, D., & Ozbilgin, M. F. (1999) Sex equality in the financial services sector in Turkey and the UK. Women in Management Review, 14, 325-332.
  • Zemke, R., & Schaaf, D. (1989) The service edge: 101 companies that profit from customer care. New York: New American Library.
Year 2015, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 165 - 183, 01.09.2015

Abstract

References

  • Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000) The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 249-269.
  • Aycan, Z. (2004) Key success factors for women in management in Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 453-477.
  • Besler, S., & Oruc, I. (2010) Women managers in the print media in Turkey. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 17-38.
  • Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1995) Empowering service workers. Sloan Management Review, 36, 73-84.
  • Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1992) The empowerment of service workers: What, why, how and when. Sloan Management Review, 33, 31-40.
  • Boydak, O.M., & Akpinar, B. (2002) The success of women administrators in school administration. Firat University Journal of Social Science, 12, 219-234.
  • Burke, R. J. (1991) Early work experiences of female and male managers and professionals: Reasons for optimism? Canadian Journal of Administrative sciences, 8, 224-230.
  • Burke, R. J, & Koyuncu, M. (2013) Women in management in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. In M. Paludi (ed.) Women and management: global issues and promising solutions. Santa Barbara. CA: Praeger. pp. 239-263.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2009) Gender differences in work experiences, satisfactions and well-being among physicians in Turkey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24, 70-91.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M. & Fiksenbaum, L. (2007a) Career priority patterns among managerial and professional women in Turkey: Benefits of putting career first? Women in Management Review, 322, 405-417.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2007b) Workaholism types, work outcomes and psychological well-being among managerial women in banking in ‘Turkey.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L (2006) Organizational practices supporting women’s career advancement and their satisfaction and well-being in Turkey. Women in Management Review, 21, 610-624.
  • Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., Singh, P., Alayoglu, N., & Koyuncu, Kl (2011) Gender differences in work experiences and work outcomes among Turkish managers and professionals: Continuing signs of progress?
  • Crouse, P. Doyle, W., & Young, J. D. (2011) Workplace learning strategies, barriers, facilitators and outcomes: A qualitative study among human resource management professionals. Human Resource Development International, 14, 39-55.
  • DeCuyper, N. & DeWitte, H. (2011) The management paradox: Self-rated employability and organizational commitment and performance. Personnel Review, 40, 152-172.
  • Dewettnick, I. & van Ameijde, M. (2011) Linking leadership empowerment behavior to employee attitudes and behavioral intentions. Personnel Review, 40, 284-305.
  • Guney, S., Gohar, R.., Lailic, A. S.., & Akinci, M. M. (2006) Attitudes toward women managers in Turkey and Pakistan. Journal of International Women’s studies, 8, 194-211.
  • Hewlett, S. A. & Rashid, R. (2011) Wining the war for talent in emerging markets: Why women are the solution. Boston, MA.: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z. & Karakas, F. (2004) Women in management in Turkey. In M. J. Davidson & R. J. Burke (eds) Women in management worldwide: Facts, figures and analysis. Aldershot: Gower, pp. 223-253.
  • Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z., Karakas, F. & Maden, C. (2011) Women in management in Turkey. In M. J. Davidson & R. J. Burke (eds.) Women in management worldwide: Progress and prospects. Aldershot: Gower. pp. 317-330
  • Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J. & Fiksenbaum, L. (2006) Work experiences and satisfaction of male and female professors in Turkey: signs of progress? Equal Opportunities International, 25, 38-47.
  • Lawler, E. E. (1992) The ultimate advantage: Creating the high involvement organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lawler, E. E. Mohrman, S. A., & Ledford, G. F. (1995) Creating high performance organizations: Practices and results of employee involvement and total quality management in Fortune 1000 companies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2009) A survey of factors influencing the engagement of information technology professionals in informal learning activities. Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal, 25, 43-53.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2006) Factors influencing teachers’ engagement in informal learning activities. Journal of Workplace Learning, 18, 1141-1156.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2005) A survey of factors influencing the engagement of two professional groups in informal workplace learning activities. Human Resources Development Quarterly, 16, 501-527.
  • Lohman, M. C. (2000) Environmental inhibitors to informal learning in the workplace: A case study of public school teachers. Adult Education Quarterly, 50, 83-1201.
  • Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (2003) Demonstrating the value of an organization’s learning culture: The dimensions of the Learning Organization Questionnaire. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5, 132-151.
  • Menon, S. T. (2001) Employee empowerment: An integrative psychological approach. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 153-180.
  • Meyer, J. & Allen, N. (1997) Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA>: Sage Publications.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, AM., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002) The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analysis approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
  • Nikolova, I., Van Ruysseveldt, J., De Witte, H., & Syrioit, J. (2014) ‘Work-based learning: Development and validation of a scale measuring the learning potential of the workplace (LPW). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 1-10.
  • Ozbilgin, M. F. (2000) The way forward for equal opportunities by sex in employment in turkey and Britain. Management International Review, 7, 55-65.
  • Ozbilgin, M. f., & Healy, G. (2004) The gendered nature of career development of university professors: The case of turkey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 358-371.
  • Ozbilgin, M., & Woodward, D. (2004a) Banking and gender: /Sex equality in the financial services in Britain and Turkey. London: L. B. Tauris.
  • Ozbilgin, M. F. & Woodward, D. (2004b)”Belonging” and “otherness”: Sex equality in banking in turkey and Britain. Gender, Work and Organization, 11, 668-688.
  • Quinn, R. P., & Shepard, LL. J. (1974) The 1972-73 Quality of Employment Survey. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
  • Quinn, R. P., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1997) The road to empowerment: seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics, 26, 37-49.
  • Rothwell, A., & Arnold, J. (2007) Self-perceived employability: Development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 37, 23-41.
  • Salas, S. & Von Glinow, M. A. (2008) Fostering organizational learning: Creating and maintaining a learning culture. In R. J. Burke & C. L. Cooper (eds) Building more effective organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 207-227.
  • Sanal, M. (2008) Factors preventing women’s advancement in management in Turkey, Education, 128,380-391.
  • Schaufeli W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002) The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analysis approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
  • Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011) Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations. A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 981-1003.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1997) toward a common ground in defining empowerment. Research in Organizational /Change and Development, 10, 31-62.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1996) Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 483-504.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1995) Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442-1465.
  • Taylor, J. C., & Bowers, D. (1972) Survey of organizations: A machine-scored standardized questionnaire instrument Ann Arbor, MI.: Institute for social Research.
  • United Nations Development Programme (2008) Human development report 2007-2008l New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998) Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119.
  • Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M>, de Lange, A. H., Demerouti, E. & van der Heijde, C. M. (2009) Age effects on the employability-career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 156-164.
  • Wittekind, A. Raeder, S., & Grote, G. A. (2010) A longitudinal study of determinants of perceived employability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 566-586.
  • Woodward, D., & Ozbilgin, M. F. (1999) Sex equality in the financial services sector in Turkey and the UK. Women in Management Review, 14, 325-332.
  • Zemke, R., & Schaaf, D. (1989) The service edge: 101 companies that profit from customer care. New York: New American Library.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA22VV87FG
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Prof.dr.ronald J. Burke This is me

Prof.dr.mustafa Koyuncu This is me

Jacob Wolpın This is me

Yard.doç.dr. Füsun Tekin Acar This is me

Öğr.gör.kadife Koyuncu This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 17 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Burke, P. J., Koyuncu, P., Wolpın, J., Acar, Y. F. T., et al. (2015). GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 17(3), 165-183.
AMA Burke PJ, Koyuncu P, Wolpın J, Acar YFT, Koyuncu Ö. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. isguc. September 2015;17(3):165-183.
Chicago Burke, Prof.dr.ronald J., Prof.dr.mustafa Koyuncu, Jacob Wolpın, Yard.doç.dr. Füsun Tekin Acar, and Öğr.gör.kadife Koyuncu. “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17, no. 3 (September 2015): 165-83.
EndNote Burke PJ, Koyuncu P, Wolpın J, Acar YFT, Koyuncu Ö (September 1, 2015) GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17 3 165–183.
IEEE P. J. Burke, P. Koyuncu, J. Wolpın, Y. F. T. Acar, and Ö. Koyuncu, “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY”, isguc, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 165–183, 2015.
ISNAD Burke, Prof.dr.ronald J. et al. “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17/3 (September 2015), 165-183.
JAMA Burke PJ, Koyuncu P, Wolpın J, Acar YFT, Koyuncu Ö. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. isguc. 2015;17:165–183.
MLA Burke, Prof.dr.ronald J. et al. “GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, vol. 17, no. 3, 2015, pp. 165-83.
Vancouver Burke PJ, Koyuncu P, Wolpın J, Acar YFT, Koyuncu Ö. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK EXPERIENCES AND WORK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG EMPLOYEES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. isguc. 2015;17(3):165-83.