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Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample

Year 2009, Volume: 11 Issue: 5, 25 - 34, 01.12.2009

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire in Turkish cultural context. The sample was comprised of 2720 participants, of whom 1314 were women and 1406 men. The questionnaire was developed by Shulruf, Hattie and Dixon (2007), and consisted of 28 items which were rated on a five point Likert scale. It was used as a measurement tool for assessing individualistic and collectivistic attitudes of the participants. The data that were analyzed by the Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation yielded six factors as in the original instrument. Consequently, all dimensions showed consistency with the original scale and these findings revealed the validation of the scale for the Turkish sample. This implication has also supported the efforts of testing a new individualism-collectivism measurement tool for extensive variety of populations.

References

  • Andersen, S. M., Reznik, I., & Chen, S. (1997), “The self in relation to others: Cognitive and motivational underpin- nings”, in J. G. Snodgrass & R. L. Thompson (Eds.), The self across psychology (pp. 233-275), New York: Academy of Sciences.
  • Baskerville, R. F. (2003), “Hofstede never studied culture”, Accounting, Organi- zations and Society, 28, pp. 1-14.
  • Chan, D. K. (1994), “COLINDEX: A refine- ment of three collectivism measures”, in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individua- lism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 200–210), Thou- sand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Chiou, J.-S. (2001), “Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina”, Journal of So- cial Psychology, 141(5), pp. 667-678.
  • Fiske, A. P. (1992), “The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a uni- fied theory of social relations”, Psycho- logical Review, 99(4), pp.689-723.
  • Fiske, A. P. (2002), “Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures—A critique of the validity and measure- ment of the constructs: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002).”, Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), pp.78-88.
  • Freeberg, A. L., & Stein, C. H. (1996), “Felt obligations towards parents in Mexi- can-American and Anglo-American young adults”, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13, pp. 457-471.
  • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Gre- enholtz, J. (2002), “What’s wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group ef- fect”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), pp. 903-918.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-rela- ted values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983), “National cultures in four dimensions, a research-based the- ory on cultural differences among nati- ons”, International Studies in Management and Organizations, 14(1- 2), pp. 46-74.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organiza- tions: Software of the Mind, London: McGraw-Hill.
  • Holtgraves, T. (1997), “Styles of language use: Individual and cultural variability in conversational indirectness”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 624-637.
  • Hui, C. (1988), “Measurement of individua- lism-collectivism”, Journal of Research in Personality, 22(1), pp. 17-36.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997), Modernization and post- modernization, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.-C., & Yoon, G. (Eds.). (1994), In- dividualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997), “Indivi- dual and collective process in the cons- truction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan”, Journal of Personality and So- cial Psychology, 72, pp. 1245-1267.
  • Kwan, V. S., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M. (1997), “Pan-cultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem”, Journal of Per- sonality and Social Psychology, 73(5), pp. 1038-1051.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991), “Cul- ture and the self: Implications for cog- nition, emotion, and motivation”, Psychological Review, 98(2), pp. 224- 253.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelme- ier, M. (2002), “Rethinking individua- lism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta- analyses”, Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), pp. 3-72.
  • Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., & Lee, H. K. (1996), “Variations in collectivism and indivi- dualism by in-group and culture: Con- firmatory factor analyses”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, pp. 1037-1053.
  • Sampson, E. E. (2001), “Reinterpreting indi- vidualism and collectivism: Their reli- gious roots and monologic versus dialogic person-other relationship”, American Psychologist, 55, pp. 1425- 1432.
  • Schwarz, N., & Oyserman, D. (2001), “As- king questions about behavior: Cogni- tion, communication, and questionnaire construction”, American Journal of Eva- luation, 22(2), pp. 127-160.
  • Shulruf, B., Hattie, J., & Dixon, R. (2007), “Development of a New Measurement Tool for Individualism and Collecti- vism”, Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 25(4), pp. 385-401.
  • Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H., Bhawuk, D., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995), “Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and mea- surement refinement”, Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 29(3), pp. 240-275. pector, E., Cooper, P. E., & Sparks, K. (2001), “An International Study of the Psycho- metric Properties of the Hofstede Va- lues Survey Module 1994: A Comparison of Individual and Co- untry/Province Level Results”, App- lied Psychology, 50(2), pp. 269-281.
  • Triandis, H. (1996), “The psychological mea- surement of cultural syndromes”, Ame- rican Psychologist, 51(4), pp. 407-415.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001), “Individualism-col- lectivism and personality”, Journal of Personality, 69(6), pp. 907-924.
  • Triandis, H., & Gelfand, M. (1998), “Conver- ging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collecti- vism”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), pp. 118-128.
  • Yamaguchi, S. (1994), “Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self”, in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Ka- gitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), In- dividualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 175–188), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Voronov, M., & Singer, J. A. (2002), “The myth of individualism-collectivism: A critical review. Journal of Social Psycho- logy”, 142(4), pp. 461-480.
Year 2009, Volume: 11 Issue: 5, 25 - 34, 01.12.2009

Abstract

References

  • Andersen, S. M., Reznik, I., & Chen, S. (1997), “The self in relation to others: Cognitive and motivational underpin- nings”, in J. G. Snodgrass & R. L. Thompson (Eds.), The self across psychology (pp. 233-275), New York: Academy of Sciences.
  • Baskerville, R. F. (2003), “Hofstede never studied culture”, Accounting, Organi- zations and Society, 28, pp. 1-14.
  • Chan, D. K. (1994), “COLINDEX: A refine- ment of three collectivism measures”, in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individua- lism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 200–210), Thou- sand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Chiou, J.-S. (2001), “Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina”, Journal of So- cial Psychology, 141(5), pp. 667-678.
  • Fiske, A. P. (1992), “The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a uni- fied theory of social relations”, Psycho- logical Review, 99(4), pp.689-723.
  • Fiske, A. P. (2002), “Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures—A critique of the validity and measure- ment of the constructs: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002).”, Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), pp.78-88.
  • Freeberg, A. L., & Stein, C. H. (1996), “Felt obligations towards parents in Mexi- can-American and Anglo-American young adults”, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13, pp. 457-471.
  • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Gre- enholtz, J. (2002), “What’s wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group ef- fect”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), pp. 903-918.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-rela- ted values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983), “National cultures in four dimensions, a research-based the- ory on cultural differences among nati- ons”, International Studies in Management and Organizations, 14(1- 2), pp. 46-74.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organiza- tions: Software of the Mind, London: McGraw-Hill.
  • Holtgraves, T. (1997), “Styles of language use: Individual and cultural variability in conversational indirectness”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 624-637.
  • Hui, C. (1988), “Measurement of individua- lism-collectivism”, Journal of Research in Personality, 22(1), pp. 17-36.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997), Modernization and post- modernization, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.-C., & Yoon, G. (Eds.). (1994), In- dividualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997), “Indivi- dual and collective process in the cons- truction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan”, Journal of Personality and So- cial Psychology, 72, pp. 1245-1267.
  • Kwan, V. S., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M. (1997), “Pan-cultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem”, Journal of Per- sonality and Social Psychology, 73(5), pp. 1038-1051.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991), “Cul- ture and the self: Implications for cog- nition, emotion, and motivation”, Psychological Review, 98(2), pp. 224- 253.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelme- ier, M. (2002), “Rethinking individua- lism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta- analyses”, Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), pp. 3-72.
  • Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., & Lee, H. K. (1996), “Variations in collectivism and indivi- dualism by in-group and culture: Con- firmatory factor analyses”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, pp. 1037-1053.
  • Sampson, E. E. (2001), “Reinterpreting indi- vidualism and collectivism: Their reli- gious roots and monologic versus dialogic person-other relationship”, American Psychologist, 55, pp. 1425- 1432.
  • Schwarz, N., & Oyserman, D. (2001), “As- king questions about behavior: Cogni- tion, communication, and questionnaire construction”, American Journal of Eva- luation, 22(2), pp. 127-160.
  • Shulruf, B., Hattie, J., & Dixon, R. (2007), “Development of a New Measurement Tool for Individualism and Collecti- vism”, Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 25(4), pp. 385-401.
  • Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H., Bhawuk, D., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995), “Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and mea- surement refinement”, Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 29(3), pp. 240-275. pector, E., Cooper, P. E., & Sparks, K. (2001), “An International Study of the Psycho- metric Properties of the Hofstede Va- lues Survey Module 1994: A Comparison of Individual and Co- untry/Province Level Results”, App- lied Psychology, 50(2), pp. 269-281.
  • Triandis, H. (1996), “The psychological mea- surement of cultural syndromes”, Ame- rican Psychologist, 51(4), pp. 407-415.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001), “Individualism-col- lectivism and personality”, Journal of Personality, 69(6), pp. 907-924.
  • Triandis, H., & Gelfand, M. (1998), “Conver- ging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collecti- vism”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), pp. 118-128.
  • Yamaguchi, S. (1994), “Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self”, in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Ka- gitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), In- dividualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 175–188), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Voronov, M., & Singer, J. A. (2002), “The myth of individualism-collectivism: A critical review. Journal of Social Psycho- logy”, 142(4), pp. 461-480.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA24EE84PD
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Asst. Prof. Dr. Bülent Kılıç This is me

Asst. Prof. Dr. Rıfat Kamaşak This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 11 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Kılıç, A. P. D. B., & Kamaşak, A. P. D. R. (2009). Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 11(5), 25-34.
AMA Kılıç APDB, Kamaşak APDR. Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample. isguc. December 2009;11(5):25-34.
Chicago Kılıç, Asst. Prof. Dr. Bülent, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Rıfat Kamaşak. “Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 11, no. 5 (December 2009): 25-34.
EndNote Kılıç APDB, Kamaşak APDR (December 1, 2009) Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 11 5 25–34.
IEEE A. P. D. B. Kılıç and A. P. D. R. Kamaşak, “Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample”, isguc, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 25–34, 2009.
ISNAD Kılıç, Asst. Prof. Dr. Bülent - Kamaşak, Asst. Prof. Dr. Rıfat. “Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 11/5 (December 2009), 25-34.
JAMA Kılıç APDB, Kamaşak APDR. Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample. isguc. 2009;11:25–34.
MLA Kılıç, Asst. Prof. Dr. Bülent and Asst. Prof. Dr. Rıfat Kamaşak. “Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, vol. 11, no. 5, 2009, pp. 25-34.
Vancouver Kılıç APDB, Kamaşak APDR. Factor Pattern of Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire: A Study of Turkish Sample. isguc. 2009;11(5):25-34.