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Year 2009, Volume: 11 Issue: 5, 79 - 94, 01.12.2009

Özlem Işığıçok Burak Faik Emirgil

Abstract

The most direct consequence of the expansion of non-standard employment contracts in labour market becomes “precarious work”, which is characterized by job insecurity, job instability and involuntariness for nonpermanent jobs. Non-standard employment forms which are implemented increasingly in service sector as a result of attempts to make Turkish labour market more flexible, make it compulsory to problematize the precarious experience of employees. This qualitative study aims to explore how those, who are employed under fixed-term contracts, experience job insecurity and job instability and whether the experience of precariousness differentiates according to the age, gender and educational level.hdam giderek sonuçlarınaygınlaşması ile birlikte ortaya çıkan ize edilen eğreti çalışma durumlarına According to the findings of the semi-structured in-depth interviews made with 21 employees working in cleaning and security sectors operating in Bursa, phenomenon of job insecurity is experienced as the increase of unemployment risk, the danger of not finding a job again in the labour market after falling out of the job, and loss of foresight pertaining to the future in the working life. As for the job instability, it arises as both the gradual loss of employees’ abilities to build their careers and postponement of short term and long term decisions in their everyday lives. On the other hand, all participants’ accepting their jobs compulsorily completes the precariousness characteristics of their jobs. Furthermore, it was found that those who were influenced by job insecurity and job instability utmost are women and young people who have high level of education. These findings point out that precariousness peculiar to service sector jobs in Turkey causes multi-dimensional problems for temporary employees.

Keywords

Precarious employment fixed-term employment contracts job insecurity job instability service sector

References

  • Anker, R., I. Chernyshev, P. Egger, F. Mehran and J. A. Ritter (2003), “Measuring De- cent Work with Statistical Indicators”, International Labour Review, 142(2), pp.147–177.
  • Auer, P. (2006), “Protected Mobility for Em- ployment and Decent Work: Labour Market Security in a Globalized World”, Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(1), pp.21–40.
  • Bescond, D., A. Chataignier, and F. Mehran (2003), “Seven Indicators to Measure De- cent Work: An international compari- son”, International Labour Review, 142(2), pp.179–211.
  • Boyer, R. (2006), “Employment and Decent Work in the Era of ‘Flexicurity’” SA Working Paper No.32.
  • Bujold, C. and G. Fournier (2008), “Occupa- tional Representations of Workers in Nonstandart and Precarious Work Si- tuations”, Journal of Career Assessment, 16(3), pp.339–359.
  • Commission of European Communities (CEC) (2008), Turkey 2008 Progress Re- port. (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/ press_corner/key-documents/re- ports_nov_2008 /turkey_progress_re- port_en.pdf).
  • Çakır, Ö. (2007), “İşini Kaybetme Korkusu: İş Güvencesizliği”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 12(1), pp.117–140.
  • Çelik, A. (2007), “Eğreti Emek-Parçalanan Sınıf”, Birikim, No:217, pp.122–133.
  • Davoine, L., C. Erhel and M. Guergoat-Lari- viere (2008a), A Taxonomy of European Labour Markets Using Quality Indica- tors, a project financed by Directorate- General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
  • Davoine, L., C. Erhel and M. Guergoat-Lari- viere (2008b), “Monitoring Quality in Work: European Employment Strategy Indicators and Beyond”, International Labour Review, 147(2-3), pp.163-198.
  • De Witte, H. and K. Näswall (2003), “`Objec- tive' vs `Subjective' Job Insecurity: Con- sequences of Temporary Work for Job Satisfaction and Organizational Com- mitment in Four European Countries”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), pp.149–188.
  • Elliott, L. and D. Atkinson (1998), The Age of Insecurity, London: Verso.
  • Ercan, H. (2007), Youth Employment in Tur- key, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü: An- kara.
  • European Commission (2008), Employment in Europe 2008, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Luxembourg.
  • Fevre, R. (2007), “Employment Insecurity and Social Theory: the power of nightmares”, Work, Employment & Society, 21(3), pp.517–535.
  • Fields, G. S., (2003), “Decent Work and Deve- lopment Policies”, International Labour Review, 142(2), pp. 239–262.
  • Fournier, G., B. Bourassa, and K. Béji (2003), Work precariousness: A multifaceted reality. Québec, Canada: Les Presses de l’Université Laval.
  • Gallagher, D. and M. Sverke (2005), "Contin- gent Employment Contracts: are existing employment theories still relevant?", Economic and Industrial Democracy, 26(2), pp.181–203.
  • Gazier, B. (2002), “Introductory Remarks: La- bour markets and transitions”, in Peter Auer and Bernard Gazier (eds.), The Fu- ture of Work, Employment and Social Protection, International Institute for La- bour Studies: Geneva,, pp.27–32.
  • Ghai, D. (2003), “Decent work: concept and indicators”, International Labour Re- view, 142 (2), pp.114–145.
  • Heery, E. and J. Salmon (2000), The Insecure Workforce, London: Routledge.
  • ILO (2008), Measuring decent work : tripar- tite meeting of experts on measurement of decent work, 8-10 Sept. 2008 (TMEMDW/2008), International Labour Office: Geneva.
  • ILO (2009), Global Employment Trends: Ja- nuary 2009, International Labour Office: Geneva.
  • Işığıçok, Ö. (2005), 21. Yüzyılda İstihdam ve İnsana Yakışır İş, Ezgi Kitabevi: Bursa.
  • Işığıçok, Ö. (2009), “Küreselleşme Sürecinde İnsana Yakışır İş”, Sosyal Siyaset Konfe- rasları Dergisi, No:56, pp.307–331.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2000), “Non-Standart Em- ployment Relations: Part-time, Tempo- rary and Contract Work”, Annual Review Sociology, Vol. 26, pp.341–365.
  • Mills, M., H.-P Blossgeld, S. Buchholz, D. Ho- facker, F. Bernardi and H. Hofmeister (2008), “Converging Divergences?: An International Comparison of the Impact of Globalization on Industrial Relations and Employment Careers”, International Sociology, 23(4), pp.561-595.
  • Mütevellioğlu, N. and S. Işık (2009), “Türkiye Emek Piyasasında Neoliberal Dönü- şüm”, Küreselleşme, Kriz ve Türkiye’de Neoliberal Dönüşüm içinde (der. Nergis Mütevellioğlu and Sinan Sönmez), pp.159–204.
  • Näswall K. and H. De Witte (2003), “Who Feels Insecure in Europe? Predicting Job Insecurity from Background Variables”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), pp.189–215.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002), Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks.
  • Saloniemi, A. and I.U. Zeytinoglu (2007), “Ac- hieving Flexibility Through Insecurity: A comparison of work environments in fixed-term and permanent jobs in Fin- land and Canada”, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 13(1), pp.109-128.
  • Schimd, G. (2002), “Employment Insurance for Managing Critical Transitions during the Life Cycle”, in Peter Auer and Ber- nard Gazier (eds.), The Future of Work, Employment and Social Protection, In- ternational Institute for Labour Studies: Geneva,, pp.63–82.
  • Selamoğlu A. and K. Lordoğlu (2006), Katı- lım Sürecinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türki- ye’de İşgücü ve İstihdamın Görünümü, AB’ye Sosyal Uyum Dizisi, Belediye-İş Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Sennett, R. (1998), The Corrosion of Charac- ter: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism, W. W. Norton: New York.
  • Sverke, M. and J. Hellgren (2002), “The Na- ture of Job Insecurity: Understanding Employment Uncertainty and the Brink of a New Millenium”, Applied Psycho- logy: An International Review, 51(1), p.23–42.
  • Tansel A. and H. M. Taşçı (2004), Determi- nants of Unemployment Duration for Men and Women in Turkey, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Discussion Paper No.1258.
  • Taymaz, E. and S. Özler (2004), Labour Mar- ket Policies and EU Accession: Problems and Prospects for Turkey, ERC Working Paper in Economics, Ankara.
  • Temiz, H. E. (2004), “Eğreti İstihdam: İşgücü Piyasasında Güvencesizliğin ve İstikrar- sızlığın Yeni Yapılanması”,Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(2), pp.55–80.
  • Toksoz, G. (2007), Women’s Employment in Turkey, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü: Ankara.
  • Toksöz, G. (2009), “Neoliberal Piyasa ve Mu- hafazakâr Aile Kıskacında Türkiye’de Kadın Emeği”, Küreselleşme, Kriz ve Türkiye’de Neoliberal Dönüşüm içinde (der. Nergis Mütevelliğioğlu ve Sinan Sönmez), pp.205–233.
  • Tucker, D. (2002), “‘Precarious’ Non-standard Employment-A Review of the Litera- ture”, Wellington, New Zealand: Labour Market Policy Group, Department of La- bour. (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://www.dol.govt.nz/publication- view.asp?ID).
  • Tunalı, İ. (2003), İstihdam Durum Raporu: Türkiye'de İşgücü Piyasası ve İstihdam Araştırması, Türkiye İş Kurumu: An- kara.
  • TÜİK (2009), Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması 2008 Yıllık Sonuçları, Ankara (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBul- tenleri.do?id=4061).
  • Vosko, L. F. (2002), “’Decent Work’: The Shif- ting Role of the ILO and the Struggle for Global Social Justice”, Global Social Po- licy, 2(19), pp.19–46.
  • World Bank (2006), Turkey Labour Market Study, Report No. 33254-TR (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://siteresour- ces.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Reso- urces/361616-1144320150009/Labor_Stu dy.pdf).
  • Yıldırım, E. and S. Calış, (2008), “The Impact of EU Accession on Turkish Industrial Relations and Social Dialogue”, Indus- trial Relations Journal, 39(3), pp.212–228.
  • Zeytinoglu, I.U. and J. Muteshi, (2000), ‘Gen- der, Race and Class Dimensions of Nonstandard Work’, Relations Industri- elles/Industrial Relations, 55(1), pp.133– 167.

Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa

Year 2009, Volume: 11 Issue: 5, 79 - 94, 01.12.2009

Özlem Işığıçok Burak Faik Emirgil

Abstract

References

  • Anker, R., I. Chernyshev, P. Egger, F. Mehran and J. A. Ritter (2003), “Measuring De- cent Work with Statistical Indicators”, International Labour Review, 142(2), pp.147–177.
  • Auer, P. (2006), “Protected Mobility for Em- ployment and Decent Work: Labour Market Security in a Globalized World”, Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(1), pp.21–40.
  • Bescond, D., A. Chataignier, and F. Mehran (2003), “Seven Indicators to Measure De- cent Work: An international compari- son”, International Labour Review, 142(2), pp.179–211.
  • Boyer, R. (2006), “Employment and Decent Work in the Era of ‘Flexicurity’” SA Working Paper No.32.
  • Bujold, C. and G. Fournier (2008), “Occupa- tional Representations of Workers in Nonstandart and Precarious Work Si- tuations”, Journal of Career Assessment, 16(3), pp.339–359.
  • Commission of European Communities (CEC) (2008), Turkey 2008 Progress Re- port. (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/ press_corner/key-documents/re- ports_nov_2008 /turkey_progress_re- port_en.pdf).
  • Çakır, Ö. (2007), “İşini Kaybetme Korkusu: İş Güvencesizliği”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 12(1), pp.117–140.
  • Çelik, A. (2007), “Eğreti Emek-Parçalanan Sınıf”, Birikim, No:217, pp.122–133.
  • Davoine, L., C. Erhel and M. Guergoat-Lari- viere (2008a), A Taxonomy of European Labour Markets Using Quality Indica- tors, a project financed by Directorate- General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
  • Davoine, L., C. Erhel and M. Guergoat-Lari- viere (2008b), “Monitoring Quality in Work: European Employment Strategy Indicators and Beyond”, International Labour Review, 147(2-3), pp.163-198.
  • De Witte, H. and K. Näswall (2003), “`Objec- tive' vs `Subjective' Job Insecurity: Con- sequences of Temporary Work for Job Satisfaction and Organizational Com- mitment in Four European Countries”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), pp.149–188.
  • Elliott, L. and D. Atkinson (1998), The Age of Insecurity, London: Verso.
  • Ercan, H. (2007), Youth Employment in Tur- key, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü: An- kara.
  • European Commission (2008), Employment in Europe 2008, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Luxembourg.
  • Fevre, R. (2007), “Employment Insecurity and Social Theory: the power of nightmares”, Work, Employment & Society, 21(3), pp.517–535.
  • Fields, G. S., (2003), “Decent Work and Deve- lopment Policies”, International Labour Review, 142(2), pp. 239–262.
  • Fournier, G., B. Bourassa, and K. Béji (2003), Work precariousness: A multifaceted reality. Québec, Canada: Les Presses de l’Université Laval.
  • Gallagher, D. and M. Sverke (2005), "Contin- gent Employment Contracts: are existing employment theories still relevant?", Economic and Industrial Democracy, 26(2), pp.181–203.
  • Gazier, B. (2002), “Introductory Remarks: La- bour markets and transitions”, in Peter Auer and Bernard Gazier (eds.), The Fu- ture of Work, Employment and Social Protection, International Institute for La- bour Studies: Geneva,, pp.27–32.
  • Ghai, D. (2003), “Decent work: concept and indicators”, International Labour Re- view, 142 (2), pp.114–145.
  • Heery, E. and J. Salmon (2000), The Insecure Workforce, London: Routledge.
  • ILO (2008), Measuring decent work : tripar- tite meeting of experts on measurement of decent work, 8-10 Sept. 2008 (TMEMDW/2008), International Labour Office: Geneva.
  • ILO (2009), Global Employment Trends: Ja- nuary 2009, International Labour Office: Geneva.
  • Işığıçok, Ö. (2005), 21. Yüzyılda İstihdam ve İnsana Yakışır İş, Ezgi Kitabevi: Bursa.
  • Işığıçok, Ö. (2009), “Küreselleşme Sürecinde İnsana Yakışır İş”, Sosyal Siyaset Konfe- rasları Dergisi, No:56, pp.307–331.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2000), “Non-Standart Em- ployment Relations: Part-time, Tempo- rary and Contract Work”, Annual Review Sociology, Vol. 26, pp.341–365.
  • Mills, M., H.-P Blossgeld, S. Buchholz, D. Ho- facker, F. Bernardi and H. Hofmeister (2008), “Converging Divergences?: An International Comparison of the Impact of Globalization on Industrial Relations and Employment Careers”, International Sociology, 23(4), pp.561-595.
  • Mütevellioğlu, N. and S. Işık (2009), “Türkiye Emek Piyasasında Neoliberal Dönü- şüm”, Küreselleşme, Kriz ve Türkiye’de Neoliberal Dönüşüm içinde (der. Nergis Mütevellioğlu and Sinan Sönmez), pp.159–204.
  • Näswall K. and H. De Witte (2003), “Who Feels Insecure in Europe? Predicting Job Insecurity from Background Variables”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), pp.189–215.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002), Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks.
  • Saloniemi, A. and I.U. Zeytinoglu (2007), “Ac- hieving Flexibility Through Insecurity: A comparison of work environments in fixed-term and permanent jobs in Fin- land and Canada”, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 13(1), pp.109-128.
  • Schimd, G. (2002), “Employment Insurance for Managing Critical Transitions during the Life Cycle”, in Peter Auer and Ber- nard Gazier (eds.), The Future of Work, Employment and Social Protection, In- ternational Institute for Labour Studies: Geneva,, pp.63–82.
  • Selamoğlu A. and K. Lordoğlu (2006), Katı- lım Sürecinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türki- ye’de İşgücü ve İstihdamın Görünümü, AB’ye Sosyal Uyum Dizisi, Belediye-İş Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Sennett, R. (1998), The Corrosion of Charac- ter: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism, W. W. Norton: New York.
  • Sverke, M. and J. Hellgren (2002), “The Na- ture of Job Insecurity: Understanding Employment Uncertainty and the Brink of a New Millenium”, Applied Psycho- logy: An International Review, 51(1), p.23–42.
  • Tansel A. and H. M. Taşçı (2004), Determi- nants of Unemployment Duration for Men and Women in Turkey, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Discussion Paper No.1258.
  • Taymaz, E. and S. Özler (2004), Labour Mar- ket Policies and EU Accession: Problems and Prospects for Turkey, ERC Working Paper in Economics, Ankara.
  • Temiz, H. E. (2004), “Eğreti İstihdam: İşgücü Piyasasında Güvencesizliğin ve İstikrar- sızlığın Yeni Yapılanması”,Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(2), pp.55–80.
  • Toksoz, G. (2007), Women’s Employment in Turkey, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü: Ankara.
  • Toksöz, G. (2009), “Neoliberal Piyasa ve Mu- hafazakâr Aile Kıskacında Türkiye’de Kadın Emeği”, Küreselleşme, Kriz ve Türkiye’de Neoliberal Dönüşüm içinde (der. Nergis Mütevelliğioğlu ve Sinan Sönmez), pp.205–233.
  • Tucker, D. (2002), “‘Precarious’ Non-standard Employment-A Review of the Litera- ture”, Wellington, New Zealand: Labour Market Policy Group, Department of La- bour. (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://www.dol.govt.nz/publication- view.asp?ID).
  • Tunalı, İ. (2003), İstihdam Durum Raporu: Türkiye'de İşgücü Piyasası ve İstihdam Araştırması, Türkiye İş Kurumu: An- kara.
  • TÜİK (2009), Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması 2008 Yıllık Sonuçları, Ankara (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBul- tenleri.do?id=4061).
  • Vosko, L. F. (2002), “’Decent Work’: The Shif- ting Role of the ILO and the Struggle for Global Social Justice”, Global Social Po- licy, 2(19), pp.19–46.
  • World Bank (2006), Turkey Labour Market Study, Report No. 33254-TR (Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://siteresour- ces.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Reso- urces/361616-1144320150009/Labor_Stu dy.pdf).
  • Yıldırım, E. and S. Calış, (2008), “The Impact of EU Accession on Turkish Industrial Relations and Social Dialogue”, Indus- trial Relations Journal, 39(3), pp.212–228.
  • Zeytinoglu, I.U. and J. Muteshi, (2000), ‘Gen- der, Race and Class Dimensions of Nonstandard Work’, Relations Industri- elles/Industrial Relations, 55(1), pp.133– 167.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA24EJ68NT
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özlem Işığıçok This is me

Burak Faik Emirgil This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 11 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Işığıçok, Ö., & Emirgil, B. F. (2009). Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 11(5), 79-94.
AMA Işığıçok Ö, Emirgil BF. Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa. isguc. December 2009;11(5):79-94.
Chicago Işığıçok, Özlem, and Burak Faik Emirgil. “Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 11, no. 5 (December 2009): 79-94.
EndNote Işığıçok Ö, Emirgil BF (December 1, 2009) Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 11 5 79–94.
IEEE Ö. Işığıçok and B. F. Emirgil, “Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa”, isguc, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 79–94, 2009.
ISNAD Işığıçok, Özlem - Emirgil, Burak Faik. “Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 11/5 (December 2009), 79-94.
JAMA Işığıçok Ö, Emirgil BF. Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa. isguc. 2009;11:79–94.
MLA Işığıçok, Özlem and Burak Faik Emirgil. “Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, vol. 11, no. 5, 2009, pp. 79-94.
Vancouver Işığıçok Ö, Emirgil BF. Precarious Work Versus Decent Work: The Precariousness From The Perspectives Of Service Sector Employees In Turkey:The Case Of Bursa. isguc. 2009;11(5):79-94.