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Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik

Year 2007, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 142 - 161, 01.12.2007

Hasan Tutar

Abstract

Kontrol edemediği, sonucunu değiştiremediği olaylara sık bir şekilde maruz kalan insan, yavaş yavaş bulunduğu durumu değiştirebileceğine dair inancını yitirmeye başlar. Bu durum kişinin çaresizliği öğrendiği anlamına gelir. Çaresizliği öğrenmiş insan, olayları değiştirme veya kontrol etme gücü olduğu durumlarda bile pasif, umutsuz ve eylemsiz kalır. Ne var ki öğrenilmiş çaresizlik sadece insanlar ve diğer canlılar için söz konusu değildir; örgütler de çaresizliği öğrenebilir. Yeteneklerinin ve potansiyelinin altında faaliyet gösteren örgütler, aslında öğrenilmiş çaresizlik içindedir. Bu çalışmada öğrenilmiş çaresizlik bireysel ve örgütsel boyutlarıyla ele alınmış ve örgütlerin öğrenilmiş çaresizlikten kurtulmalarında sinerji kültürünün önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

Öğrenilmiş çaresizlik sinerji kültürü atalet örgütsel davranış öğrenilmiş güçlülük

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). “Hopelessnessdepression: a Theory-Based Subtype of Depression”. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
  • Adler, J. N. (1980) Cultural Synergy: The Management of Cross Cultural Organizations, San Diego, Calif. University Associates.
  • Adler, J. N. (1999) International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, Wordworth Publishing Company.
  • Akgün, S. VE Ciarrochi, J. (2003). “Learned Resourcefulness Moderates The Relationship Between Academic Stres And Academic Performance”, Educational Psychology, 23 (3), 287-294.
  • Atkinson J. W., An (1964). Introduction to Motivation, Van Nostrand, , aktaran: Weiner B., Human Motivation Metaphors, Theories and Research, Sage Publications, 1992,USA, s.181
  • Beck, A. T., M. Weishaar, (1989). Cognitive Therapy, Ed.: A. Freeman, K. M. Simon, L.E. Beutler, Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy, Plenum Press, New York, s. 21-36.
  • Braddom RL, Buschbaher RM, Dumitru D, Johnson EW, Matthews D, Sinaki M (eds) (2000). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. WB Saunders Company, Philedelphia,:1117-60.
  • Cofer, C.N. and Appley, M.H., Motivation: Theory and Research, Wiley, New York, 1964, pp. 451–453.
  • Cüceloğlu, Doğan, (1992) İnsan ve Davranışı, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, s. 440
  • Diener, E., & Wallbom, M. (1976). “Effects Of Self-Awareness On Antinormative Behavior”. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 197-111. Fawzy FI, Fawzy NW ve Pasnau RO (1995) “Critial Review Of Pychosocial İnterventions in Cancer Care”. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52: 100-113.
  • Fiol C. M. and Lyles M. A. (1985) “Organizational learning”, Academy of Management Review, 10(4): 803-813.
  • Gage , N.L. , Berliner ,D.C., 1991 , Educational Psychology , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company
  • Garvin, A. David. (1998) “Building A Learning Organizaton”, On Knowledge Management,” Harvard Bussiness Review, Harvard Business Review School Press, New York USA, , s: 51 - 52
  • Garvin, D. A. (1993). “Building a learning organization”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 78-91.
  • Gibson and A, I,Chandler, (1988). Educational Psychology Mastering Principles And Applications A Division Of Simon And Schuster 160 Gould Street Needham Heights, Massachusetts. USA,
  • Harrİs R. P. ve Moran T. R. (1987). Managing Cultural Differences, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston.
  • Henn FA, Edwards E. (1994) “Animal Models in The Study Of Genetic Factors İn Human Psychopathology”. In: Papolos DF, Lachman HM, editors. Genetic Studies İn Affective Disorders: Overview Of Basic Methods, Current Directions, And Critical Research İssues. New York: John Wiley and Sons;. p. 177–92.
  • Hiroto, D. S. ( 1974). “Locus of Control and Learned Helplessness”. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 187-193
  • Hiroto, D. S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). “Generality of Learned Helplessness in Man”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 311- 327.
  • Kennett, D.J. & Keefer, K. (2006). “Impact Of Learned Resourcefulness And Theories Of İntelligence On Academic Achievement Of University Students: An İntegrated Approach”. Educational Psychology, 26 (3), 441- 457.
  • Klein, D.C.; Fencil-Morse, E. & Seligman, M.E.P. (1976). “Learned Helplessness, Depression and the Attribution of Failure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 508-516.
  • Lauren B Alloy ve diğerleri (1984): “Attributional Style and the Generality of Learned Helplessness Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” , Vol. 46, No: 3, Ss: 681-687.
  • Maier, S.F., & Seligman, M.E.P. (1976). “Learned Helplessness: Theory and evidence”. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 105, 3-46.
  • Maier, S.F., Seligman, M.E.P. and Solomon, R.L., “Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness: effects on escape and avoidance behavior of: (a) the CS-US contingency; and (b) the independence of the
  • US and voluntary responding”. In: B.A. Campbell & R.M. Church (Eds.), Punishment and A6ersi6e Beha 6ior, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1969, pp. 299–342.
  • Markku E., (1994) “Extrinsic Occupational Needds and The Relationship Between Need For Achievement and Locus of Control”, Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinaryve Applied, Vol. 128, No. 5, , s.578.
  • Marquardt, M. , Reynolds, (1994). Global Learning Organizations, Irwin, New York Usa, , p. 42
  • Minor, T. R., Jackson, R. L., & Maier, S. F. (1984). “Effects Of Task İrrelevant Cues And Reinforcement Delay On Choice Escape Learning Followingİnescapable Shock: Evidence For A Deficit İn Selective Attention”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 10, 543-556.
  • Mok, C., Pine, P. ve Pizam, A. (1998) Nationality us Industry Cultures: Which has A Greater Effect on Managerial Behaviour, Int. J. Hospitality Management, 16(2) .
  • Moran, R. T., Harris, A. R. (1981) Managing Cultural Synergy, Guif Publishing Company, Chapter 15.
  • Mowrer, O.H., (1973). Learning Theory and Behavior. Krieger, New York, , pp. 196–198.
  • Norman, D. (1988). The Psychology of Everyday Actions. In Norman (Ed), “The Psychology of Everyday Things”, New York: Basic Books, 34-53.
  • Overmier, J.B. (1968) “Interference With Avoidance Behavior: Failure To Avoid Traumatic Shock”. J. Exp. Psychol., 78 340–343.
  • Overmier, J.B. and Seligman, M.E.P., (1967) “Effects Of İnescapable Shock Upon Subsequent Escape And Avoidance Responding”. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 63 28–33.
  • Rodrİguez, Y. G. (1997). “Learned Helplessness or Expectancy-Value? A Psychological Model For Describing the Experiences of Different Categories of Unemployed People”. Journal of Adolescence. 20., s: 321- 332.
  • Roper, A. ve Brookes, M. (1997). “The Multi-Cultural Management of International Hotel Groups”, International Journal Hospitality Management, 16(2).
  • Rosenbaum, M. (1989). “The Role Of Learned Resourcefullness in SelfControl Of Health Behavior”. Research Reports on Behavioral Medicine, 1, 4-23.
  • Rotter, Julian B. (1966) “Generalized Expectancies For Internal Versus External Control Of Reinforcements” Psychological Monographs 80 p., 1-28
  • Sabin KL. Older (2005). “Adults And Motivation For Therapy And Exercise”. Top Geriatr Rehabil; 21(3):215-20.
  • Saporta JA, van der Kolk BA. (1992) Psychobiological Consequences Of Severe Trauma. Torture and its Consequences. Basoglu M (ed), Glasgow: Cambridge University Press,
  • Schwartz. D, J (1999). Büyük Düşünmenin Büyüsü, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul
  • Seligman, M.E.P. and Maier, S.F., (1968) “Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in the Dog”. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 73 256–262.
  • Seligman, M.E.P., Maier, S.F. and Solomon, R.L.,( 1971) “Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Adversive Events. In: F.R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive Conditioning and Learning, Academic Press, New York, , pp. 347–400.
  • Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Doubleday/Currency, New York, NY.
  • Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Doubleday/Currency, New York, NY.
  • Sherman, A.D., Petty, F., 1982. Additivity Of Neurochemical Changes in Learned Helplessness And Imipramine. Behav. Neural Biol. 35, 344–353.
  • Stata, R. (1989). “Organizational Learning: The Key To Management İnnovation”, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 63-74.
  • Weiner, B.(1984).”Principles For A Theory Of Student Motivation And Their Application Within An Attributional Framework” İn R.Ames And C. Ames (Eds) Research On Motivation İn Education (Vol. 1) Orlando, Fl: Academic Press

Year 2007, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 142 - 161, 01.12.2007

Hasan Tutar

Abstract

An individual gradually losses his belief of changing the undesired conditions when he often meets with the events that he can not control and change the results of these events. This means that he has learned the helplessness. When he learned the helplessness, the individual becomes passive, hopeless, and inactive even in the cases in which he has ability to control and change the events. On the other hand, learned helplessness is not special for only the individuals or animals but also for the organizations. The organizations which operate under the limits of their abilities and potential are actually suffering from learned helplessness. In this study, learned helplessness is dealt with it’s the individual and organizational dimensions and the power of synergy culture is forwarded as a means of escaping from the learned helplessness

Keywords

Learned helplessness synergy culture inertia organizational behaviour learned resourcefulness

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). “Hopelessnessdepression: a Theory-Based Subtype of Depression”. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
  • Adler, J. N. (1980) Cultural Synergy: The Management of Cross Cultural Organizations, San Diego, Calif. University Associates.
  • Adler, J. N. (1999) International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, Wordworth Publishing Company.
  • Akgün, S. VE Ciarrochi, J. (2003). “Learned Resourcefulness Moderates The Relationship Between Academic Stres And Academic Performance”, Educational Psychology, 23 (3), 287-294.
  • Atkinson J. W., An (1964). Introduction to Motivation, Van Nostrand, , aktaran: Weiner B., Human Motivation Metaphors, Theories and Research, Sage Publications, 1992,USA, s.181
  • Beck, A. T., M. Weishaar, (1989). Cognitive Therapy, Ed.: A. Freeman, K. M. Simon, L.E. Beutler, Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy, Plenum Press, New York, s. 21-36.
  • Braddom RL, Buschbaher RM, Dumitru D, Johnson EW, Matthews D, Sinaki M (eds) (2000). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. WB Saunders Company, Philedelphia,:1117-60.
  • Cofer, C.N. and Appley, M.H., Motivation: Theory and Research, Wiley, New York, 1964, pp. 451–453.
  • Cüceloğlu, Doğan, (1992) İnsan ve Davranışı, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, s. 440
  • Diener, E., & Wallbom, M. (1976). “Effects Of Self-Awareness On Antinormative Behavior”. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 197-111. Fawzy FI, Fawzy NW ve Pasnau RO (1995) “Critial Review Of Pychosocial İnterventions in Cancer Care”. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52: 100-113.
  • Fiol C. M. and Lyles M. A. (1985) “Organizational learning”, Academy of Management Review, 10(4): 803-813.
  • Gage , N.L. , Berliner ,D.C., 1991 , Educational Psychology , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company
  • Garvin, A. David. (1998) “Building A Learning Organizaton”, On Knowledge Management,” Harvard Bussiness Review, Harvard Business Review School Press, New York USA, , s: 51 - 52
  • Garvin, D. A. (1993). “Building a learning organization”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 78-91.
  • Gibson and A, I,Chandler, (1988). Educational Psychology Mastering Principles And Applications A Division Of Simon And Schuster 160 Gould Street Needham Heights, Massachusetts. USA,
  • Harrİs R. P. ve Moran T. R. (1987). Managing Cultural Differences, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston.
  • Henn FA, Edwards E. (1994) “Animal Models in The Study Of Genetic Factors İn Human Psychopathology”. In: Papolos DF, Lachman HM, editors. Genetic Studies İn Affective Disorders: Overview Of Basic Methods, Current Directions, And Critical Research İssues. New York: John Wiley and Sons;. p. 177–92.
  • Hiroto, D. S. ( 1974). “Locus of Control and Learned Helplessness”. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 187-193
  • Hiroto, D. S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). “Generality of Learned Helplessness in Man”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 311- 327.
  • Kennett, D.J. & Keefer, K. (2006). “Impact Of Learned Resourcefulness And Theories Of İntelligence On Academic Achievement Of University Students: An İntegrated Approach”. Educational Psychology, 26 (3), 441- 457.
  • Klein, D.C.; Fencil-Morse, E. & Seligman, M.E.P. (1976). “Learned Helplessness, Depression and the Attribution of Failure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 508-516.
  • Lauren B Alloy ve diğerleri (1984): “Attributional Style and the Generality of Learned Helplessness Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” , Vol. 46, No: 3, Ss: 681-687.
  • Maier, S.F., & Seligman, M.E.P. (1976). “Learned Helplessness: Theory and evidence”. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 105, 3-46.
  • Maier, S.F., Seligman, M.E.P. and Solomon, R.L., “Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness: effects on escape and avoidance behavior of: (a) the CS-US contingency; and (b) the independence of the
  • US and voluntary responding”. In: B.A. Campbell & R.M. Church (Eds.), Punishment and A6ersi6e Beha 6ior, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1969, pp. 299–342.
  • Markku E., (1994) “Extrinsic Occupational Needds and The Relationship Between Need For Achievement and Locus of Control”, Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinaryve Applied, Vol. 128, No. 5, , s.578.
  • Marquardt, M. , Reynolds, (1994). Global Learning Organizations, Irwin, New York Usa, , p. 42
  • Minor, T. R., Jackson, R. L., & Maier, S. F. (1984). “Effects Of Task İrrelevant Cues And Reinforcement Delay On Choice Escape Learning Followingİnescapable Shock: Evidence For A Deficit İn Selective Attention”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 10, 543-556.
  • Mok, C., Pine, P. ve Pizam, A. (1998) Nationality us Industry Cultures: Which has A Greater Effect on Managerial Behaviour, Int. J. Hospitality Management, 16(2) .
  • Moran, R. T., Harris, A. R. (1981) Managing Cultural Synergy, Guif Publishing Company, Chapter 15.
  • Mowrer, O.H., (1973). Learning Theory and Behavior. Krieger, New York, , pp. 196–198.
  • Norman, D. (1988). The Psychology of Everyday Actions. In Norman (Ed), “The Psychology of Everyday Things”, New York: Basic Books, 34-53.
  • Overmier, J.B. (1968) “Interference With Avoidance Behavior: Failure To Avoid Traumatic Shock”. J. Exp. Psychol., 78 340–343.
  • Overmier, J.B. and Seligman, M.E.P., (1967) “Effects Of İnescapable Shock Upon Subsequent Escape And Avoidance Responding”. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 63 28–33.
  • Rodrİguez, Y. G. (1997). “Learned Helplessness or Expectancy-Value? A Psychological Model For Describing the Experiences of Different Categories of Unemployed People”. Journal of Adolescence. 20., s: 321- 332.
  • Roper, A. ve Brookes, M. (1997). “The Multi-Cultural Management of International Hotel Groups”, International Journal Hospitality Management, 16(2).
  • Rosenbaum, M. (1989). “The Role Of Learned Resourcefullness in SelfControl Of Health Behavior”. Research Reports on Behavioral Medicine, 1, 4-23.
  • Rotter, Julian B. (1966) “Generalized Expectancies For Internal Versus External Control Of Reinforcements” Psychological Monographs 80 p., 1-28
  • Sabin KL. Older (2005). “Adults And Motivation For Therapy And Exercise”. Top Geriatr Rehabil; 21(3):215-20.
  • Saporta JA, van der Kolk BA. (1992) Psychobiological Consequences Of Severe Trauma. Torture and its Consequences. Basoglu M (ed), Glasgow: Cambridge University Press,
  • Schwartz. D, J (1999). Büyük Düşünmenin Büyüsü, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul
  • Seligman, M.E.P. and Maier, S.F., (1968) “Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in the Dog”. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 73 256–262.
  • Seligman, M.E.P., Maier, S.F. and Solomon, R.L.,( 1971) “Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Adversive Events. In: F.R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive Conditioning and Learning, Academic Press, New York, , pp. 347–400.
  • Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Doubleday/Currency, New York, NY.
  • Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Doubleday/Currency, New York, NY.
  • Sherman, A.D., Petty, F., 1982. Additivity Of Neurochemical Changes in Learned Helplessness And Imipramine. Behav. Neural Biol. 35, 344–353.
  • Stata, R. (1989). “Organizational Learning: The Key To Management İnnovation”, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 63-74.
  • Weiner, B.(1984).”Principles For A Theory Of Student Motivation And Their Application Within An Attributional Framework” İn R.Ames And C. Ames (Eds) Research On Motivation İn Education (Vol. 1) Orlando, Fl: Academic Press
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA24JB56YD
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasan Tutar This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2007
Published in Issue Year 2007 Volume: 9 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Tutar, H. (2007). Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 9(4), 142-161.
AMA Tutar H. Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik. isguc. December 2007;9(4):142-161.
Chicago Tutar, Hasan. “Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 9, no. 4 (December 2007): 142-61.
EndNote Tutar H (December 1, 2007) Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 9 4 142–161.
IEEE H. Tutar, “Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik”, isguc, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 142–161, 2007.
ISNAD Tutar, Hasan. “Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 9/4 (December 2007), 142-161.
JAMA Tutar H. Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik. isguc. 2007;9:142–161.
MLA Tutar, Hasan. “Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, vol. 9, no. 4, 2007, pp. 142-61.
Vancouver Tutar H. Örgütsel Eylemsizliği Açıklama Aracı Olarak Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik. isguc. 2007;9(4):142-61.