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The Relationship Between Consumer Price Index and Producer Price Index, Which Have Been Rising in Türkiye in Recent Years: A Bounds Test Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 85 - 101, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.57116/isletme.1636623

Abstract

Inflation is an effective macroeconomic indicator that provides considerable information on a country's macroeconomic structure. In recent times, inflation has been trending upward, driven by global factors. In Türkiye, which is a confrontation with chronic inflation, anti-inflationary policies have not produced good results and economic problems have increased. This study examines the relationship between Turkey's producer price index and Turkey's consumer price index with current monthly data for the period 2012M01 to 2024M11.The unit-roots of the series have been verified by the Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) methods, which are traditional unit root tests. The results obtained with the Bai-Perron method have revealed that the series were subjected to structural shocks on five occasions in the years 2014M03, 2016M07, 2018M03, 2019M10, and 2021M05. The ARDL method results have shown a long-run relationship between Producer Price Index (PPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) variables. According to the estimated coefficients, the effect of the PPI variable on the CPI in the short and long term is positive and statistically significant. ut, the results show that the impact of the PPI variable on the CPI variable is more efficient in the long run than in the short run. The results point out that policymakers should focus on measures that consider the long-term effects and consequences of PPI inflation in the fight against inflation.

References

  • Adrian T. (2024). Interest Rate Increases, Volatile Markets Signal Rising Financial Stability Risks. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/10/11/interest-rate-ncreases-volatile-markets-signal-rising-financial-stability-risks
  • Bai, J. ve Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models. Journal of applied econometrics, 18(1), 1-22.
  • Başçı, E., ve Kara, H. (2006). Inflation targeting in Turkey: Early lessons. Central Bank Review, 6(2), 1-20.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., ve Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the consistency of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-192.
  • Çiğdem, G. (2019). A paradox: An empiric approach to inflation-interest rates relationship: Evidence from Turkey. Research in Applied Economics, 11(3), 1-15.
  • Davudova, R. I. (2020). A VECM analysis of the relations the CPI, PPI, GDP per capita, exchange rate in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 19(3), 22-46. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2020/v19i330306
  • Demiralp, S., ve Demiralp, S. (2019). Central bank independence and inflation in Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(8), 1782-1796. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1517654
  • Erdem, H. F., ve Yamak, R. (2014). Üretici fiyat endeksi ve tüketici fiyat endeksi arasındaki geçişkenliğin derecesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(4), 1-13.
  • Farooq, A., Hasan, R., Adnan, H., ve Irfan, L. (2014). Determinant of inflation in Pakistan: An econometric analysis, using Johansen co-integration approach. MPRA Paper No. 106870. University Library of Munich. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/106870/
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. (2019). Yıllık ekonomik rapor 2018. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2018/10/YILLIK-EKONOM%C4%B0K-RAPOR-2018-e.pdf
  • Karahan, Ö. (2024). 2024 Enflasyon Raporu. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Yayinlar/Raporlar/Enflasyon+Raporu
  • Kalthum, U., ve Masih, M. (2017). The lead-lag relationship between PPI, CPI and oil price: Malaysian evidence. MPRA Paper No. 108011. University Library of Munich. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/108011/
  • Khan, K., Su, C. W., Tao, R., ve Chu, C. C. (2018). Producer price index and consumer price index: Causality in Central and Eastern European countries. Ekonomický Časopis, 66(4), 367-395.
  • Lenin, A. C., Orraca, M. J., ve Stefano, M. M. G. (2022). The influence of global inflation on emerging market economies' inflation (Working Paper No. 2022-15). Banco de México.
  • Lenin, A. C., Orraca, M. J., Guillermo, C., ve Martínez, M. (2022a). The global component of headline and core inflation in emerging market economies and its ability to improve forecasting performance. Economic Modelling, 113, Article 105876.
  • Losada, C. O., Arias, J. M., ve Guzmán, J. C. (2018). Relación entre el índice de precios al consumidor y el índice de precios al productor para seis países de Suramérica. Apuntes del Cenes, 37(66), 123-148. https://doi.org/10.19053/01203053.v37.n66.2019.6601
  • Mustafa, S., Riaz, K., ve Perveen, Q. (2014). Stability of linear regression models. Science International, 27(1), 73-76.
  • Narayan, P. K., ve Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438.
  • O'Doherty, L., ve Daly, K. (2018). The convergence in emerging market inflation. VoxEU. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/convergence-emerging-market-inflation
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Saraç, T. B., ve Karagöz, K. (2010). Türkiye’de tüketici ve üretici fiyatları arasındaki ilişki: Yapısal kırılma ve sınır testi. Maliye Dergisi, (159), 220-232.
  • Tarı, R., Abasız, T., ve Pehlivanoğlu, F. (2009). Frekans alanı yaklaşımı ile TEFE (ÜFE)-TÜFE arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi [Conference session]. 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, Palandöken, Erzurum, 27-29 Mayıs 2009.
  • Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2019). Ekonomik rapor 2018. https://www.tobb.org.tr/Documents/yayinlar/2019/75-GK-Faaliyet-Raporu.pdf
  • Turna, G., ve Özcan, M. (2021). A historical analysis of inflation and monetary policies in Turkey. Turkish Economic Journal, 15(2), 123-145.
  • Ülke, V. ve Ergun, U. (2014). The relationship between consumer price and producer price indices in Turkey. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(1), 205-222.
  • Uysal, Y. (2007). Türkiye’de enflasyon: Sektörel kaynakları ve iç ticaret hadleri. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(508), 21-34.
  • Wei, S.-J., ve Xie, Y. (2018). The wedge of the century: Understanding a divergence between CPI and PPI inflation measures (NBER Working Paper No. 24319). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3127059
  • Yılmazkuday, H. (2022). Drivers of Turkish inflation. Economic Modelling, 108, Article 105765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105765

Türkiye'de Son Yıllarda Yükselişe Geçen Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi ile Üretici Fiyat Endeksi Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Sınır Testi Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 85 - 101, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.57116/isletme.1636623

Abstract

Enflasyon, bir ülkenin makroekonomik yapısı hakkında önemli bilgiler sağlayan etkili bir makroekonomik göstergedir. Son dönemde enflasyon, ulusal ve küresel faktörlerin etkisiyle yukarı yönlü bir seyir izlemektedir. Kronik enflasyonla mücadele eden Türkiye'de enflasyonla mücadele politikaları iyi sonuç vermemiş ve ekonomik sorunlar artmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'deki üretici fiyat endeksi ile tüketici fiyat endeksi arasındaki ilişkiyi 2012M01-2024M11 dönemine ait güncel aylık verilerle incelemektedir. Serilerin birim kökleri geleneksel birim kök testleri olan Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ve Phillips-Perron (PP) yöntemleri ile doğrulanmıştır. Bai-Perron yöntemi ile elde edilen sonuçlar serinin 2014M03, 2016M07, 2018M03, 2019M10 ve 2021M05 yıllarında beş kez yapısal şoklara maruz kaldığını ortaya koymuştur. Otoregresif dağıtılmış gecikme (ARDL) yöntemi sonuçları, Üretici Fiyat Endeksi (ÜFE) ile Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi (TÜFE) değişkenleri arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Tahmin edilen katsayılara göre ÜFE değişkeninin kısa ve uzun vadede TÜFE üzerindeki etkisi pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Ancak sonuçlar, ÜFE değişkeninin TÜFE değişkeni üzerindeki etkisinin uzun dönemde kısa döneme göre daha etkin olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, politika yapıcıların enflasyonla mücadelede ÜFE’nin uzun vadeli etkilerini ve sonuçlarını dikkate alan önlemlere odaklanması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Adrian T. (2024). Interest Rate Increases, Volatile Markets Signal Rising Financial Stability Risks. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/10/11/interest-rate-ncreases-volatile-markets-signal-rising-financial-stability-risks
  • Bai, J. ve Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models. Journal of applied econometrics, 18(1), 1-22.
  • Başçı, E., ve Kara, H. (2006). Inflation targeting in Turkey: Early lessons. Central Bank Review, 6(2), 1-20.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., ve Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the consistency of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-192.
  • Çiğdem, G. (2019). A paradox: An empiric approach to inflation-interest rates relationship: Evidence from Turkey. Research in Applied Economics, 11(3), 1-15.
  • Davudova, R. I. (2020). A VECM analysis of the relations the CPI, PPI, GDP per capita, exchange rate in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 19(3), 22-46. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2020/v19i330306
  • Demiralp, S., ve Demiralp, S. (2019). Central bank independence and inflation in Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(8), 1782-1796. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1517654
  • Erdem, H. F., ve Yamak, R. (2014). Üretici fiyat endeksi ve tüketici fiyat endeksi arasındaki geçişkenliğin derecesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(4), 1-13.
  • Farooq, A., Hasan, R., Adnan, H., ve Irfan, L. (2014). Determinant of inflation in Pakistan: An econometric analysis, using Johansen co-integration approach. MPRA Paper No. 106870. University Library of Munich. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/106870/
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. (2019). Yıllık ekonomik rapor 2018. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2018/10/YILLIK-EKONOM%C4%B0K-RAPOR-2018-e.pdf
  • Karahan, Ö. (2024). 2024 Enflasyon Raporu. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Yayinlar/Raporlar/Enflasyon+Raporu
  • Kalthum, U., ve Masih, M. (2017). The lead-lag relationship between PPI, CPI and oil price: Malaysian evidence. MPRA Paper No. 108011. University Library of Munich. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/108011/
  • Khan, K., Su, C. W., Tao, R., ve Chu, C. C. (2018). Producer price index and consumer price index: Causality in Central and Eastern European countries. Ekonomický Časopis, 66(4), 367-395.
  • Lenin, A. C., Orraca, M. J., ve Stefano, M. M. G. (2022). The influence of global inflation on emerging market economies' inflation (Working Paper No. 2022-15). Banco de México.
  • Lenin, A. C., Orraca, M. J., Guillermo, C., ve Martínez, M. (2022a). The global component of headline and core inflation in emerging market economies and its ability to improve forecasting performance. Economic Modelling, 113, Article 105876.
  • Losada, C. O., Arias, J. M., ve Guzmán, J. C. (2018). Relación entre el índice de precios al consumidor y el índice de precios al productor para seis países de Suramérica. Apuntes del Cenes, 37(66), 123-148. https://doi.org/10.19053/01203053.v37.n66.2019.6601
  • Mustafa, S., Riaz, K., ve Perveen, Q. (2014). Stability of linear regression models. Science International, 27(1), 73-76.
  • Narayan, P. K., ve Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438.
  • O'Doherty, L., ve Daly, K. (2018). The convergence in emerging market inflation. VoxEU. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/convergence-emerging-market-inflation
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Saraç, T. B., ve Karagöz, K. (2010). Türkiye’de tüketici ve üretici fiyatları arasındaki ilişki: Yapısal kırılma ve sınır testi. Maliye Dergisi, (159), 220-232.
  • Tarı, R., Abasız, T., ve Pehlivanoğlu, F. (2009). Frekans alanı yaklaşımı ile TEFE (ÜFE)-TÜFE arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi [Conference session]. 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, Palandöken, Erzurum, 27-29 Mayıs 2009.
  • Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2019). Ekonomik rapor 2018. https://www.tobb.org.tr/Documents/yayinlar/2019/75-GK-Faaliyet-Raporu.pdf
  • Turna, G., ve Özcan, M. (2021). A historical analysis of inflation and monetary policies in Turkey. Turkish Economic Journal, 15(2), 123-145.
  • Ülke, V. ve Ergun, U. (2014). The relationship between consumer price and producer price indices in Turkey. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(1), 205-222.
  • Uysal, Y. (2007). Türkiye’de enflasyon: Sektörel kaynakları ve iç ticaret hadleri. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(508), 21-34.
  • Wei, S.-J., ve Xie, Y. (2018). The wedge of the century: Understanding a divergence between CPI and PPI inflation measures (NBER Working Paper No. 24319). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3127059
  • Yılmazkuday, H. (2022). Drivers of Turkish inflation. Economic Modelling, 108, Article 105765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105765
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erkan Sarsıcı 0000-0002-8719-9205

Burcu Temel

Publication Date March 25, 2025
Submission Date February 10, 2025
Acceptance Date March 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sarsıcı, E., & Temel, B. (2025). Türkiye’de Son Yıllarda Yükselişe Geçen Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi ile Üretici Fiyat Endeksi Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Sınır Testi Analizi. İşletme, 6(1), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.57116/isletme.1636623