Geçim ve Ekonomik Beklentilerin Karşılanmasında Soyut Kaynakların Etkisi, Ahıska Türklerinin Türkiye’de Başarı Hikâyesi
Year 2023,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 39 - 58, 22.12.2023
Şerafettin Keleş
,
Arzu Tural Dikmen
,
Murat Dilmaç
Abstract
Hangi sebeple olursa olsun milyonlarca zorla yerinden edilmiş insan, kamp alanlarında veya dışarıda kendilerini ve ailelerini asgari insani yardım ve ev sahibi ülke hükümetleri ve vatandaşlarının katkılarıyla geçindirmeye çalışmaktadır. Zorunlu göçmenler hayatta kalabilmek için maddi ve manevi geçim kaynaklarına muhtaçtır. Finansal varlıklar, mal ve işgücü piyasası ve diğer gelir kaynakları maddi kaynakları oluştururken sosyal sermaye, beşeri sermaye, bilgi ve kültürel kaynaklar manevi kaynakları meydana getirmektedir. Bu çalışma zorunlu göçmen olan Ahıska Türklerinin sosyal kaynaşma, sosyal sermaye ile geçim ve ekonomik beklentileri arasındaki ilişkiyi konu edinmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemi Erzincan İli, Üzümlü İlçesine yerleştirilen 269 Ahıska Türkünden oluşmuştur. Çalışma bulguları, Erzincan’ın Üzümlü İlçesine yerleştirilen Ahıska Türklerinin geçim sorununun olmadığını ve ekonomik beklentilerinin süksek oranda gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Yine, Ahıska Türklerinin geçim ve ekonomik beklentilerini karşılayabilmelerinde sosyal kaynaşma ve sosyal sermayelerinin oldukça etkili faktörler olduğunu belirlemiştir. Sonuç olarak göçmenlerin sürdürülebilir geçimi ve ekonomik beklentilerinin karşılanmasında fiziki kaynaklar kadar soyut (manevi) kaynakların da önemli olduğuna varılmıştır. Bu nedenle göçmenlerin sosyal kaynaşması, sosyal sermaye einmesi ve yerel halkla bütünleşmesi kaçınılmaz derecede önemlidir.
Ethical Statement
Çalışma anketi etik kurul kararı, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’nun 25/07/2022 Tarih, 07/05 Protokol Numaralı izniyle verilmiştir.
Supporting Institution
Yok
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politiques publiques.
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and adaptation. Applied psychology, 55(3), 303-332.
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R. (Dü.) içinde, The people and the nation: populism and ethno-territorial politics in europe.
New York: by Routledge.
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McGraw Hill.
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capital among refugees in Jordan. Policy Development and Evaluation Service United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Genova-Switzerland.
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Nursing Scholarship, 30(4), 325-331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00325.x
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sociology, 94, 95-120.
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155X.2005.00401.x
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of anti‐immigration political parties in Western Europe. The political quarterly, 90(1), 107-
116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12620
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OLAYLARI. Belgi Dergisi, 2(17), 1170-1187.
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Applied Regression.
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London.
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social capital. International Monetary Fund.
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Trends and paradoxes. ournal of Sociology, 50(1), 51-64.
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social capital. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5), 587-594. doi:https://doi.
org/10.1177/0002764297040005005
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globalization strategies. 19(1), 1-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
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İncelemeleri Dergisi, 16(1), 1-20.
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Capital. Education and Skills. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2
rue Andre Pascal. içinde F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
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forced migration studies (s. 99-111). içindeKaufmann, E. (2014). It's the demography, stupid’: ethnic change and opposition toimmigration. The Political Quarterly, 85(3), 267-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-
923X.12090
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Population reader. A State and Community Perspective (s. 57-74). NewYork: The New Press.
- Keleş, Ş., & Kaya, B. (2023). Göçmenlerde veya Dezavantajlı Gruplarda Sosyal Umut ve
Sosyal Umudun Belirleyicileri: Ahıska Türkleri Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması. Mevzu–Sosyal
Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 351-381. doi:https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1233155
- Keskin, A., & Keleş, Ş. (2018). Formation of the social capital by its dimensions in rural
areas of Erzurum province in Turkey. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SCIENCES,
28(6).
- Kleist, N. (2020). Trajectories of involuntary return migration to Ghana: Forced relocation
processes and post-return life. Geoforum, 116, 272281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
geoforum.2017.12.005
- Kline, R. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford
publications.
- Kokkonen, A., & Linde, J. (2023). A nativist divide? Anti‐immigration attitudes and diffuse
support for democracy in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 62(3),
977-988.
- Krishna, A. (2000). Creating and harnessing social capital. P. D. (Ed) içinde, Social Capital
A Multifaceted Perspective (s. 71-93).
- Mayda, A. (2006). Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual
attitudes toward immigrants. The review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), 510-530.
- Mohan, G., & Mohan, J. (2002). Placing social capital. Progress in human geography, 26(2),
191-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph364ra
- Ostrom, E. (1996). Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development.
World development, 24(6), 073-1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X
- Ozcurumez, S., & Hoxha, J. (2020: 2). Practicing social cohesion in the dark: Diverse
processes and missing indicators in forced migration contexts. Frontiers in Human
Dynamics, 2, 1-13. doi:doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2020.569682
- Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., Salvat, M., Giacomantonio, M., & Leone, L. (tarih
yok). Social exclusion and anti-immigration attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of
interpersonal trust. Social Indicators Research (s. 697-724). içinde Springer.
- Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(5), 751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.90.5.751
- Putnam, R. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in
America. PS: Political science & politics, 28(4), 664-683.
- Putnam, R. (2007). E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century
the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian political studies, 30(2), 137-174.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
- Putnam, R. (2010). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community.
NewYork: Simon and Schuster.
- Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the
perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1), 130-141.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1301_7
- Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M. (2002). Ethnic exclusionism in European
countries. Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived
ethnic threat. European sociological review, 18(1), 17-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/
esr/18.1.17
- Tabachnick, B., Fidell, L., & Ullman, J. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5 b., s. 481-498).
içinde Bostan: MA: pearson.
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Annual review of sociology, 40(1), 459-478.
- Weston, R., & Gore Jr, P. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The
counseling psychologist, 34(5), 719-751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
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justice?. Australasian Political Studies Association Conference (2004 : Adelaide, South
Australia). APSA.
- Woolcock, M. (2000). Why should we care about social capital? Canberra Bulletin of Public
Administration, 98, 17-19.
Year 2023,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 39 - 58, 22.12.2023
Şerafettin Keleş
,
Arzu Tural Dikmen
,
Murat Dilmaç
References
- Albarosa, E., & Elsner, B. (2022). Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Conflict. Word Devalopment, 167, 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106228
- Aliyev, N. (2015). Kırgızistan Mayevka Olaylarında Yaşananlar. Uluslararası Ahıskalı
Türklerin Hukuki ve Sosyal Sorunları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, (s. 265-271).
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice (Garden City. NYY.-1958. https://ia801500.
us.archive.org/17/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.188638/2015.188638.The-Nature-Of-Prejudice.
pdf adresinden alındı
- Amelin, V. (2010). Konfliktı Çerez Prizmu Mestnıh Soobşestv. Orenburg: OGAU.
- Aydingűn, A. (2002). Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks: Source of Conflict in the Caucasus? The
International Journal of Human Rights, 6(2), 49-64.
- Banting, K., Courchene, T., & Seidle, F. (2007). Belonging?: Diversity, recognition and shared
citizenship in Canada. Institute for Research on Public Policy= Institut de recherche en
politiques publiques.
- Berry, J., Phinney, J., Sam, D., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity,
and adaptation. Applied psychology, 55(3), 303-332.
- Betz, H., & Habersack, F. (2019). Regional Nativism in East Germany. M. E. Ed: Heinisch
R. (Dü.) içinde, The people and the nation: populism and ethno-territorial politics in europe.
New York: by Routledge.
- Bordens, K., & Abbott, B. (2014). Ebook: Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach.
McGraw Hill.
- Bowen, N., & Guo, S. (2011). Structural equation modeling. Oxford University Press.
- Brown, R. (2011). Prejudice: Its social psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
- Bugay, N. (1995). L. Beriya-I. Stalinu:“Soglasno Vashemu ukazaniyu…. Moskva: AİROXX.
- Calhoun , N. (2010). With a little help from our friends: a participatory assessment of social
capital among refugees in Jordan. Policy Development and Evaluation Service United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Genova-Switzerland.
- Carlson, E., & Chamberlain, R. (2003). Social capital, health, and health disparities. Journal of
Nursing Scholarship, 30(4), 325-331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00325.x
- Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of
sociology, 94, 95-120.
- De Haan, L., & Zoomers, A. (2005). Exploring the frontier of livelihoods research.
Development and change, 36(1), 27-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-
155X.2005.00401.x
- Dennison, J., & Geddes, A. (2019). A rising tide? The salience of immigration and the rise
of anti‐immigration political parties in Western Europe. The political quarterly, 90(1), 107-
116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12620
- Devrisheva, K. (2019). TÜRK VE RUS KAYNAKLARI IŞIĞINDA 1989 FERGANA
OLAYLARI. Belgi Dergisi, 2(17), 1170-1187.
- Fox, J. (2002). Structural equation models. Appendix to an R and S-PLUS Companion to
Applied Regression.
- Friedkin, N. (2004). Social cohesion. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 30, 409-425.
- Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Penguen
London.
- Galabuzi, G., & Teelucksingh, C. (2010). Social cohesion, social exclusion, social capital.
Mississauga, ON: Region of Peel, Human Services.
- Gould, E., & Hijzen, A. (2016). Growing apart, losing trust? The impact of inequality on
social capital. International Monetary Fund.
- Gozdecka, D., Ercan, S., & Kmak, M. (2014). From multiculturalism to postmulticulturalism:
Trends and paradoxes. ournal of Sociology, 50(1), 51-64.
- Greeley, A. (1997). Coleman revisited: Religious structures as a source of
social capital. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5), 587-594. doi:https://doi.
org/10.1177/0002764297040005005
- Hanson, G., Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. (2007). Public finance and individual preferences over
globalization strategies. 19(1), 1-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
- Hasanoğlu, İ. (2016). Ahıska Türkleri: Bitmeyen Bir Göç Hikâyesi. Türk Dünyası
İncelemeleri Dergisi, 16(1), 1-20.
- Healy, T., & Côté, S. (2001). The Well-Being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social
Capital. Education and Skills. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2
rue Andre Pascal. içinde F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
- Jacobsen, K. (2014). Livelihoods and forced migration. Oxford handbook of refugee and
forced migration studies (s. 99-111). içindeKaufmann, E. (2014). It's the demography, stupid’: ethnic change and opposition toimmigration. The Political Quarterly, 85(3), 267-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-
923X.12090
- Kawachi, I. (1999). Social Cohesion and Health. A. T. Peter (Dü.) içinde, The Society and
Population reader. A State and Community Perspective (s. 57-74). NewYork: The New Press.
- Keleş, Ş., & Kaya, B. (2023). Göçmenlerde veya Dezavantajlı Gruplarda Sosyal Umut ve
Sosyal Umudun Belirleyicileri: Ahıska Türkleri Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması. Mevzu–Sosyal
Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 351-381. doi:https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1233155
- Keskin, A., & Keleş, Ş. (2018). Formation of the social capital by its dimensions in rural
areas of Erzurum province in Turkey. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SCIENCES,
28(6).
- Kleist, N. (2020). Trajectories of involuntary return migration to Ghana: Forced relocation
processes and post-return life. Geoforum, 116, 272281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
geoforum.2017.12.005
- Kline, R. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford
publications.
- Kokkonen, A., & Linde, J. (2023). A nativist divide? Anti‐immigration attitudes and diffuse
support for democracy in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 62(3),
977-988.
- Krishna, A. (2000). Creating and harnessing social capital. P. D. (Ed) içinde, Social Capital
A Multifaceted Perspective (s. 71-93).
- Mayda, A. (2006). Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual
attitudes toward immigrants. The review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), 510-530.
- Mohan, G., & Mohan, J. (2002). Placing social capital. Progress in human geography, 26(2),
191-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph364ra
- Ostrom, E. (1996). Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development.
World development, 24(6), 073-1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X
- Ozcurumez, S., & Hoxha, J. (2020: 2). Practicing social cohesion in the dark: Diverse
processes and missing indicators in forced migration contexts. Frontiers in Human
Dynamics, 2, 1-13. doi:doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2020.569682
- Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., Salvat, M., Giacomantonio, M., & Leone, L. (tarih
yok). Social exclusion and anti-immigration attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of
interpersonal trust. Social Indicators Research (s. 697-724). içinde Springer.
- Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(5), 751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.90.5.751
- Putnam, R. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in
America. PS: Political science & politics, 28(4), 664-683.
- Putnam, R. (2007). E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century
the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian political studies, 30(2), 137-174.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
- Putnam, R. (2010). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community.
NewYork: Simon and Schuster.
- Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the
perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1), 130-141.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1301_7
- Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M. (2002). Ethnic exclusionism in European
countries. Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived
ethnic threat. European sociological review, 18(1), 17-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/
esr/18.1.17
- Tabachnick, B., Fidell, L., & Ullman, J. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5 b., s. 481-498).
içinde Bostan: MA: pearson.
- Van der Meer, T., & Tolsma, J. (2014). Ethnic diversity and its effects on social cohesion.
Annual review of sociology, 40(1), 459-478.
- Weston, R., & Gore Jr, P. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The
counseling psychologist, 34(5), 719-751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
- Wilson, L., & Chiveralls, K. (2004). Labor and social capital: disengaging from social
justice?. Australasian Political Studies Association Conference (2004 : Adelaide, South
Australia). APSA.
- Woolcock, M. (2000). Why should we care about social capital? Canberra Bulletin of Public
Administration, 98, 17-19.