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Geçim ve Ekonomik Beklentilerin Karşılanmasında Soyut Kaynakların Etkisi, Ahıska Türklerinin Türkiye’de Başarı Hikâyesi

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 39 - 58, 22.12.2023

Abstract

Hangi sebeple olursa olsun milyonlarca zorla yerinden edilmiş insan, kamp alanlarında veya dışarıda kendilerini ve ailelerini asgari insani yardım ve ev sahibi ülke hükümetleri ve vatandaşlarının katkılarıyla geçindirmeye çalışmaktadır. Zorunlu göçmenler hayatta kalabilmek için maddi ve manevi geçim kaynaklarına muhtaçtır. Finansal varlıklar, mal ve işgücü piyasası ve diğer gelir kaynakları maddi kaynakları oluştururken sosyal sermaye, beşeri sermaye, bilgi ve kültürel kaynaklar manevi kaynakları meydana getirmektedir. Bu çalışma zorunlu göçmen olan Ahıska Türklerinin sosyal kaynaşma, sosyal sermaye ile geçim ve ekonomik beklentileri arasındaki ilişkiyi konu edinmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemi Erzincan İli, Üzümlü İlçesine yerleştirilen 269 Ahıska Türkünden oluşmuştur. Çalışma bulguları, Erzincan’ın Üzümlü İlçesine yerleştirilen Ahıska Türklerinin geçim sorununun olmadığını ve ekonomik beklentilerinin süksek oranda gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Yine, Ahıska Türklerinin geçim ve ekonomik beklentilerini karşılayabilmelerinde sosyal kaynaşma ve sosyal sermayelerinin oldukça etkili faktörler olduğunu belirlemiştir. Sonuç olarak göçmenlerin sürdürülebilir geçimi ve ekonomik beklentilerinin karşılanmasında fiziki kaynaklar kadar soyut (manevi) kaynakların da önemli olduğuna varılmıştır. Bu nedenle göçmenlerin sosyal kaynaşması, sosyal sermaye einmesi ve yerel halkla bütünleşmesi kaçınılmaz derecede önemlidir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma anketi etik kurul kararı, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’nun 25/07/2022 Tarih, 07/05 Protokol Numaralı izniyle verilmiştir.

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Thanks

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References

  • Albarosa, E., & Elsner, B. (2022). Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Conflict. Word Devalopment, 167, 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106228
  • Aliyev, N. (2015). Kırgızistan Mayevka Olaylarında Yaşananlar. Uluslararası Ahıskalı Türklerin Hukuki ve Sosyal Sorunları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, (s. 265-271).
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice (Garden City. NYY.-1958. https://ia801500. us.archive.org/17/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.188638/2015.188638.The-Nature-Of-Prejudice. pdf adresinden alındı
  • Amelin, V. (2010). Konfliktı Çerez Prizmu Mestnıh Soobşestv. Orenburg: OGAU.
  • Aydingűn, A. (2002). Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks: Source of Conflict in the Caucasus? The International Journal of Human Rights, 6(2), 49-64.
  • Banting, K., Courchene, T., & Seidle, F. (2007). Belonging?: Diversity, recognition and shared citizenship in Canada. Institute for Research on Public Policy= Institut de recherche en politiques publiques.
  • Berry, J., Phinney, J., Sam, D., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied psychology, 55(3), 303-332.
  • Betz, H., & Habersack, F. (2019). Regional Nativism in East Germany. M. E. Ed: Heinisch R. (Dü.) içinde, The people and the nation: populism and ethno-territorial politics in europe. New York: by Routledge.
  • Bordens, K., & Abbott, B. (2014). Ebook: Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach. McGraw Hill.
  • Bowen, N., & Guo, S. (2011). Structural equation modeling. Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, R. (2011). Prejudice: Its social psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bugay, N. (1995). L. Beriya-I. Stalinu:“Soglasno Vashemu ukazaniyu…. Moskva: AİROXX.
  • Calhoun , N. (2010). With a little help from our friends: a participatory assessment of social capital among refugees in Jordan. Policy Development and Evaluation Service United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Genova-Switzerland.
  • Carlson, E., & Chamberlain, R. (2003). Social capital, health, and health disparities. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(4), 325-331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00325.x
  • Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • De Haan, L., & Zoomers, A. (2005). Exploring the frontier of livelihoods research. Development and change, 36(1), 27-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012- 155X.2005.00401.x
  • Dennison, J., & Geddes, A. (2019). A rising tide? The salience of immigration and the rise of anti‐immigration political parties in Western Europe. The political quarterly, 90(1), 107- 116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12620
  • Devrisheva, K. (2019). TÜRK VE RUS KAYNAKLARI IŞIĞINDA 1989 FERGANA OLAYLARI. Belgi Dergisi, 2(17), 1170-1187.
  • Fox, J. (2002). Structural equation models. Appendix to an R and S-PLUS Companion to Applied Regression.
  • Friedkin, N. (2004). Social cohesion. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 30, 409-425.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Penguen London.
  • Galabuzi, G., & Teelucksingh, C. (2010). Social cohesion, social exclusion, social capital. Mississauga, ON: Region of Peel, Human Services.
  • Gould, E., & Hijzen, A. (2016). Growing apart, losing trust? The impact of inequality on social capital. International Monetary Fund.
  • Gozdecka, D., Ercan, S., & Kmak, M. (2014). From multiculturalism to postmulticulturalism: Trends and paradoxes. ournal of Sociology, 50(1), 51-64.
  • Greeley, A. (1997). Coleman revisited: Religious structures as a source of social capital. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5), 587-594. doi:https://doi. org/10.1177/0002764297040005005
  • Hanson, G., Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. (2007). Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies. 19(1), 1-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
  • Hasanoğlu, İ. (2016). Ahıska Türkleri: Bitmeyen Bir Göç Hikâyesi. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 16(1), 1-20.
  • Healy, T., & Côté, S. (2001). The Well-Being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital. Education and Skills. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2 rue Andre Pascal. içinde F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
  • Jacobsen, K. (2014). Livelihoods and forced migration. Oxford handbook of refugee and forced migration studies (s. 99-111). içindeKaufmann, E. (2014). It's the demography, stupid’: ethnic change and opposition toimmigration. The Political Quarterly, 85(3), 267-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- 923X.12090
  • Kawachi, I. (1999). Social Cohesion and Health. A. T. Peter (Dü.) içinde, The Society and Population reader. A State and Community Perspective (s. 57-74). NewYork: The New Press.
  • Keleş, Ş., & Kaya, B. (2023). Göçmenlerde veya Dezavantajlı Gruplarda Sosyal Umut ve Sosyal Umudun Belirleyicileri: Ahıska Türkleri Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması. Mevzu–Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 351-381. doi:https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1233155
  • Keskin, A., & Keleş, Ş. (2018). Formation of the social capital by its dimensions in rural areas of Erzurum province in Turkey. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SCIENCES, 28(6).
  • Kleist, N. (2020). Trajectories of involuntary return migration to Ghana: Forced relocation processes and post-return life. Geoforum, 116, 272281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geoforum.2017.12.005
  • Kline, R. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Kokkonen, A., & Linde, J. (2023). A nativist divide? Anti‐immigration attitudes and diffuse support for democracy in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 62(3), 977-988.
  • Krishna, A. (2000). Creating and harnessing social capital. P. D. (Ed) içinde, Social Capital A Multifaceted Perspective (s. 71-93).
  • Mayda, A. (2006). Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes toward immigrants. The review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), 510-530.
  • Mohan, G., & Mohan, J. (2002). Placing social capital. Progress in human geography, 26(2), 191-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph364ra
  • Ostrom, E. (1996). Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development. World development, 24(6), 073-1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X
  • Ozcurumez, S., & Hoxha, J. (2020: 2). Practicing social cohesion in the dark: Diverse processes and missing indicators in forced migration contexts. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 2, 1-13. doi:doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2020.569682
  • Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., Salvat, M., Giacomantonio, M., & Leone, L. (tarih yok). Social exclusion and anti-immigration attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. Social Indicators Research (s. 697-724). içinde Springer.
  • Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(5), 751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.90.5.751
  • Putnam, R. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political science & politics, 28(4), 664-683.
  • Putnam, R. (2007). E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian political studies, 30(2), 137-174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
  • Putnam, R. (2010). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. NewYork: Simon and Schuster.
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1), 130-141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1301_7
  • Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M. (2002). Ethnic exclusionism in European countries. Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. European sociological review, 18(1), 17-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ esr/18.1.17
  • Tabachnick, B., Fidell, L., & Ullman, J. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5 b., s. 481-498). içinde Bostan: MA: pearson.
  • Van der Meer, T., & Tolsma, J. (2014). Ethnic diversity and its effects on social cohesion. Annual review of sociology, 40(1), 459-478.
  • Weston, R., & Gore Jr, P. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The counseling psychologist, 34(5), 719-751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
  • Wilson, L., & Chiveralls, K. (2004). Labor and social capital: disengaging from social justice?. Australasian Political Studies Association Conference (2004 : Adelaide, South Australia). APSA.
  • Woolcock, M. (2000). Why should we care about social capital? Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration, 98, 17-19.
Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 39 - 58, 22.12.2023

Abstract

References

  • Albarosa, E., & Elsner, B. (2022). Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Conflict. Word Devalopment, 167, 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106228
  • Aliyev, N. (2015). Kırgızistan Mayevka Olaylarında Yaşananlar. Uluslararası Ahıskalı Türklerin Hukuki ve Sosyal Sorunları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, (s. 265-271).
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice (Garden City. NYY.-1958. https://ia801500. us.archive.org/17/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.188638/2015.188638.The-Nature-Of-Prejudice. pdf adresinden alındı
  • Amelin, V. (2010). Konfliktı Çerez Prizmu Mestnıh Soobşestv. Orenburg: OGAU.
  • Aydingűn, A. (2002). Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks: Source of Conflict in the Caucasus? The International Journal of Human Rights, 6(2), 49-64.
  • Banting, K., Courchene, T., & Seidle, F. (2007). Belonging?: Diversity, recognition and shared citizenship in Canada. Institute for Research on Public Policy= Institut de recherche en politiques publiques.
  • Berry, J., Phinney, J., Sam, D., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied psychology, 55(3), 303-332.
  • Betz, H., & Habersack, F. (2019). Regional Nativism in East Germany. M. E. Ed: Heinisch R. (Dü.) içinde, The people and the nation: populism and ethno-territorial politics in europe. New York: by Routledge.
  • Bordens, K., & Abbott, B. (2014). Ebook: Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach. McGraw Hill.
  • Bowen, N., & Guo, S. (2011). Structural equation modeling. Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, R. (2011). Prejudice: Its social psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bugay, N. (1995). L. Beriya-I. Stalinu:“Soglasno Vashemu ukazaniyu…. Moskva: AİROXX.
  • Calhoun , N. (2010). With a little help from our friends: a participatory assessment of social capital among refugees in Jordan. Policy Development and Evaluation Service United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Genova-Switzerland.
  • Carlson, E., & Chamberlain, R. (2003). Social capital, health, and health disparities. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(4), 325-331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00325.x
  • Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociology, 94, 95-120.
  • De Haan, L., & Zoomers, A. (2005). Exploring the frontier of livelihoods research. Development and change, 36(1), 27-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012- 155X.2005.00401.x
  • Dennison, J., & Geddes, A. (2019). A rising tide? The salience of immigration and the rise of anti‐immigration political parties in Western Europe. The political quarterly, 90(1), 107- 116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12620
  • Devrisheva, K. (2019). TÜRK VE RUS KAYNAKLARI IŞIĞINDA 1989 FERGANA OLAYLARI. Belgi Dergisi, 2(17), 1170-1187.
  • Fox, J. (2002). Structural equation models. Appendix to an R and S-PLUS Companion to Applied Regression.
  • Friedkin, N. (2004). Social cohesion. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 30, 409-425.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Penguen London.
  • Galabuzi, G., & Teelucksingh, C. (2010). Social cohesion, social exclusion, social capital. Mississauga, ON: Region of Peel, Human Services.
  • Gould, E., & Hijzen, A. (2016). Growing apart, losing trust? The impact of inequality on social capital. International Monetary Fund.
  • Gozdecka, D., Ercan, S., & Kmak, M. (2014). From multiculturalism to postmulticulturalism: Trends and paradoxes. ournal of Sociology, 50(1), 51-64.
  • Greeley, A. (1997). Coleman revisited: Religious structures as a source of social capital. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5), 587-594. doi:https://doi. org/10.1177/0002764297040005005
  • Hanson, G., Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. (2007). Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies. 19(1), 1-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
  • Hasanoğlu, İ. (2016). Ahıska Türkleri: Bitmeyen Bir Göç Hikâyesi. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 16(1), 1-20.
  • Healy, T., & Côté, S. (2001). The Well-Being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital. Education and Skills. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2 rue Andre Pascal. içinde F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
  • Jacobsen, K. (2014). Livelihoods and forced migration. Oxford handbook of refugee and forced migration studies (s. 99-111). içindeKaufmann, E. (2014). It's the demography, stupid’: ethnic change and opposition toimmigration. The Political Quarterly, 85(3), 267-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- 923X.12090
  • Kawachi, I. (1999). Social Cohesion and Health. A. T. Peter (Dü.) içinde, The Society and Population reader. A State and Community Perspective (s. 57-74). NewYork: The New Press.
  • Keleş, Ş., & Kaya, B. (2023). Göçmenlerde veya Dezavantajlı Gruplarda Sosyal Umut ve Sosyal Umudun Belirleyicileri: Ahıska Türkleri Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması. Mevzu–Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 351-381. doi:https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1233155
  • Keskin, A., & Keleş, Ş. (2018). Formation of the social capital by its dimensions in rural areas of Erzurum province in Turkey. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SCIENCES, 28(6).
  • Kleist, N. (2020). Trajectories of involuntary return migration to Ghana: Forced relocation processes and post-return life. Geoforum, 116, 272281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geoforum.2017.12.005
  • Kline, R. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Kokkonen, A., & Linde, J. (2023). A nativist divide? Anti‐immigration attitudes and diffuse support for democracy in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 62(3), 977-988.
  • Krishna, A. (2000). Creating and harnessing social capital. P. D. (Ed) içinde, Social Capital A Multifaceted Perspective (s. 71-93).
  • Mayda, A. (2006). Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes toward immigrants. The review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), 510-530.
  • Mohan, G., & Mohan, J. (2002). Placing social capital. Progress in human geography, 26(2), 191-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph364ra
  • Ostrom, E. (1996). Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development. World development, 24(6), 073-1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X
  • Ozcurumez, S., & Hoxha, J. (2020: 2). Practicing social cohesion in the dark: Diverse processes and missing indicators in forced migration contexts. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 2, 1-13. doi:doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2020.569682
  • Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., Salvat, M., Giacomantonio, M., & Leone, L. (tarih yok). Social exclusion and anti-immigration attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. Social Indicators Research (s. 697-724). içinde Springer.
  • Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(5), 751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.90.5.751
  • Putnam, R. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political science & politics, 28(4), 664-683.
  • Putnam, R. (2007). E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian political studies, 30(2), 137-174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
  • Putnam, R. (2010). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. NewYork: Simon and Schuster.
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1), 130-141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1301_7
  • Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M. (2002). Ethnic exclusionism in European countries. Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. European sociological review, 18(1), 17-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ esr/18.1.17
  • Tabachnick, B., Fidell, L., & Ullman, J. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5 b., s. 481-498). içinde Bostan: MA: pearson.
  • Van der Meer, T., & Tolsma, J. (2014). Ethnic diversity and its effects on social cohesion. Annual review of sociology, 40(1), 459-478.
  • Weston, R., & Gore Jr, P. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The counseling psychologist, 34(5), 719-751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
  • Wilson, L., & Chiveralls, K. (2004). Labor and social capital: disengaging from social justice?. Australasian Political Studies Association Conference (2004 : Adelaide, South Australia). APSA.
  • Woolcock, M. (2000). Why should we care about social capital? Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration, 98, 17-19.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Migration Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şerafettin Keleş 0000-0002-5147-0825

Arzu Tural Dikmen 0000-0003-1616-1792

Murat Dilmaç 0000-0002-2842-9875

Publication Date December 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Keleş, Ş., Tural Dikmen, A., & Dilmaç, M. (2023). Geçim ve Ekonomik Beklentilerin Karşılanmasında Soyut Kaynakların Etkisi, Ahıska Türklerinin Türkiye’de Başarı Hikâyesi. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 39-58.